Lubricants



United States Patent LUBRICANTS Peter A. Asself, Cleveland, Thomas W. Mastin, Willoughby, and Alan Rhodes, Euclid, Ohio, assignors to 'The Lubrizol Corporation, Wickliffe, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio No Drawing. Application November 3, 1952,

Serial No. 318,522

8 Claims. (Cl. 252-325) This invention relates to organic metal complexes and novel methods for the production of such complexes.

It is now well known that when preparing a salt or soap of an organic acid, the mere use of an excess of neutralizing agent, which in the prior art has been in the form of the oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, etc. of the desired metal, may result in a product which contains an amount of metal in excess of that theoretically required to replace the acidic hydrogens of the organic acid used as the starting material.

Work with this type of product has shown that for many uses, particularly where extreme care must be exercised to prevent the compositionfrom being corrosive, as for example in lubricants, desirable results are secured by the use of these organic metal complexes.

Materials containing an excess amount of metal prepared by earlier workers in the art can be divided into three types. In the first type, an excess of alkali was cooked into the mixture. This can be illustrated by the McNab Patent No. 2,418,894. trated by patents to Griesinger No. 2,402,325, Campbell et al. No. 2,485,861, and Mertes No. 2,501,731, the excess metal was held in solution of colloidal suspension. A peptizing agent, such as a sulfonate, was employed to peptize a metal hydroxide or carbonate. In the third type, illustrated by the patents to McLennan Nos. 2,417,428 to 2,417,433, oil-insoluble metal complexes were prepared by complexing a high molecular weight soap with either a normally oil-insoluble organic salt or molecularly equivalent proportions of an oil-insoluble organic salt and an oil-insoluble inorganic salt. McLennan sought to produce an insoluble lattice to aid in thickening oils to produce greases. All of his specific compositions and working examples are greases.

In the present invention it has been found that a fully oil-soluble organic metal complex can be produced with a high metal content by complexing an oil-soluble 'salt (hereinafter for convenience referred to as an oilsalt) with a combination, in certain critical proportions, of normally oil-insoluble organic and inorganic salts (hereinafter for convenience referred to as aquasalts).

It is a principal object of the invention. to provide oil-soluble metal complexes, and processes for preparing the same, of the type referred to above.

It is understood for the purpose of the specification and claims that the term oilsalt refers to an oil-solublealkaline earth metal salt of an organic acid. The term aquasalt" refers to oil-insoluble alkaline earth metal salt. For a more detailed definition and explanation of oilsalts and aquasalts, see the sections, infra, entitled, Acids useful in preparation of oilsalts, Materials useful in preparation of organic aquasalts, and The initial inorganic aquasalt used in the process.

For the purpose of the present specification and claims, the ratio of total equivalents of metal in the complex to equivalents of oilsalt therein will be referred to as the metal ratio.

Broadly stated the invention comprises an oil-soluble In the second type, illus- Patented Nov. 8, 1955 organic alkaline earth metal complex which has in chemical combination at least one oilsalt and a plurality of aquasalts; said aquasalts consisting of at least one organic aquasalt derived from salt-forming compounds having an ionization constant in water of at least 1 10- at 25 C., water-solubilities of at least about 0.0005% at 50 C., and saturated aqueous solutions of which at about 25 C. exhibit a pH of less than 7; and at least one inorganic aquasalt, the amount of said inorganic aquasalt present in said complex being substantially greater than the amount of said organic aquasalt present; and the ratio of equivalents of said organic aquasalt to equivalents of said oilsalt being from 0.01 to 10.

Throughout this specification and in the appended claims we restrict the alkaline earth metals to the conventional group which includes only strontium, barium and calcium and which does not include magnesium or radium.

By use of a single empirical formula the complexes of thev present invention can be represented as follows:

Q=one hydrogen equivalent of the anion of at least one oilsalt;

M =one hydrogen equivalent of at least one alkaline earth metal;

AO=one hydrogen equivalent of the anion of at least one organic aquasalt formed from at least one saltforming compound having an ionization constant in water of at least 1 l0 at 25 C., a water-solubility of at least about 0.0005% at 50 C., and saturated solution of which at about 25 C. exhibit a pH of less than 7;

AI=one hydrogen equivalent of the anion of at least one inorganic aquasalt;

z=the total number of equivalents of metal in the complex;

x=the total number of equivalents of A0 in the complex;

y=the total number of equivalents of AI in the complex;

- metal complex which comprises:

I. Mixing one hydrogen equivalent of an organic acid compound with:

(a) From 0.1 to 10 equivalent of low molecular weight organic salt-forming compound having:

(1) An ionization constant in water of at least about 1x10" at 25 0.;

(2) A water solubility at 50 C. of at least about 0.0,005%, and

(3) In saturated aqueous solutions about 25 C.

a pH of less than 7;

(b) An amount of an alkaline earth metal base in substantial excess of twice the number of hydrogen equivalents of said low molecular weight organic salt forming compound used; and

(0) At least 0.5 mole of water, including any water of hydration in (a), and (b),

II. Heating the mass for such time and temperature as to remove substantially all the water present,

IH. Treating the mass with at least one inorganic acid reagent in an amount sufficient to neutralize at least a portion of the titratable basicity of the mass.

Various specific embodiments of the process as broadly defined above are illustrated by specific-examples in our aforesaid copending application Serial Nos. 216,101-3; 224,458; 263,961-3. Still another process by which these complexes may be produced is disclosed in and forms the subject matter of our copending application.

In one pair of experiments, a comparison was made between a process capable of producing a complex of the present invention, Example 1, and a representative prior art process, Example 2, using duplicate amounts of components. It is evident from the following examples that this invention will give substantially better results with respect to metal concentration of. the complex than is obtained by conventional techniques. It is also apparcut that the complex of this invention has a different chemical structure than the structure of conventional metal complexes.

EXAMPLE 1 1530 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6% sulphate ash, 88 grams of paratertiary butyl phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.7), 271 grams of B110 and 725 ml. of water were mixed together at 6070 C. The temperature of the mixture was raised to 100-105 C. and held there for one hour while insuring thorough mixing. Thereafter the temperature was raised to 150-160 C. and held at that level to remove substantially all the water. The complex was separated by filtration and had the following analyses:

Basic No.

Per cent sulphate ash 25.5 Metal ratio 4.12 Empirical formula, QM4.12(AO)0.59(AI)2.53

EXAMPLE 2 Basic N0. 36.0 ier cent sulphate ash 15.34 Metal ratio 2.14

This product, made essentially according to the teaching of. Mertes 2,501,731, contained only about half the equivalent amount of metal as our product Example 1.

By a large number of specific examples we will illustrate various methods of preparation and, examples of complexes which comprise. the present invention.

EXAMPLE 3 1000 grams of the bariumsalt of 'unsaturatedparafiin wax sulphonic acid containing 13.1% sulphate ash were mixed with 455 grams of a mineral oil having a viscosity of 160 SUS at 100 F. and 84.5 grams of para-tertiarybutyl phenol (ratio of equivalents is 2.0) placed in a suitable vessel and heatedtoj about 95 C. with stirring. To this mixture was added a slurry of barium oxide (containing 269 grams of barium oxide and 920 grams of water) and the total mixture was heated about 100 C. for one hour. The temperature was slowly raised to about 150 C. and held there for about one hour until substantially all of the water was removed. Then about 3% Hyfiow (a filter-aid) was added to the product to facilitate filtering. The salt complex was then separated by filtration. The salt complex thus prepared had the following properties:

Empirical formula, QM2.49 (A0) o.5o(1AI 0.99

SoLUBrLrrY Percent of Initial Appear- Appear- Solvent Product Appearance after ance after added ance 1 week 1 month Pa. Neutral Oil 50 Clean Clear. Clear. Do 10 do. do Do. Do do do Do.

The salt complex product was fluid, brown in color and did not contain any odor.

EXAMPLE 4 1000 grams of the barium salt of mono-paraflin wax substituted naphthalene sulphonic acid containing 8.63% sulphate ash were mixed with 445 grams of mineral oil having a viscosity of SSU at 100 F. and 54.6 grams of para-tertiary-butyl phenol (ratio of equivalents is 2.0) and heated to about 90 C. A slurry of barium oxide (203.5 grams of barium oxide and 543 grams of water) was added, and the mixture was heated for two hours at the reflux temperature, and then dehydrated at about C. for a period of one hour. Hyflow was then added to the product and the salt complex was recovered by filtration. The salt complex contained the following properties:

Basic No. 44.1 Per cent sulphate ash 17.9 Metal ratio 2.37 Empirical formula, QM2.37(AO)0.50(AI).87

EXAMPLE 5 400 grams of the barium salt of mono-paraflin wax substituted naphthalene sulphonic acid disulphide containing 8.2% sulphate ash and 27 grams of para-tertiary-butyl phenol were. placed in a. suitable vessel and heated to 90 C. (ratio of equivalents is 1.54). A barium oxide slurry constituting 66.5 grams of barium oxide and cc. of water was added to the mixture and refluxed for about one hour. The temperature was then slowly raised to about 160 C. over a period of about four hours and held at that level for about 1.5 hours until substantially all of the water was removed. The salt complex was separated by filtering. The product was a viscous liquid, black in color, and contained a very slight odor. The following properties were determined for the salt complex:

Basic No 69.7 Per cent sulphate ash 24.3 Metal ratio 3.50 Empirical formula, QMa.s(AO)o.es(AI)1.s5

EXAMPLE. 6

6,000 grams of a 30% by weight oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (sulphate ash content 7.6%) were mixed with 348 grams-of para-tertiary-butyl phenol in a l2-liter, 3-neck flask (ratio of equivalents 1.7) and heated to 95 C. A slurry of barium oxide constituting 1,100 grams of barium oxide and 2,911 grams of water was then added and the mixture held therefor about one hour at a temperature of about 90-95 C. The total mixture was then slowly raisedin temperature to 150 C. and dehydrated at that temperature over aperiod of about 4 /2 hours. The salt complex was separatedby filtration and was found to be a slightly viscous liquid, black in color, and did'not contain any odor. The properties of the salt complex were as follows:

Basic No 72.1 Per cent sulphate ash 23.1, Metal ratio 3.59 Empirical formula, QM3.59(AO)0.59(AI)2.0

EXAMPLE 7 405 grams of di-(Z-ethyl hexyl) dithiophosphoric acid, 308. gramsofiso-nonyl phenol .(ratio of equivalents. 1.52)

and 473 grams of solvent extracted Mid-Continent oil having a viscosity of 160 SUS at 100 F. were mixed together and heated to 50 C. A slurry comprising 387 grams of BaO and' 1,030 cc. of water was added quickly, maintaining the temperature at about 65 C. The mixture was then heated to 100 C. and held there for one hour. Then the temperature was raised to 150 C. over a period of 2 hours and held there for one hour. The product was obtained by filtering the mass and was found to be a slightly viscous liquid, red in color, and contained a slight odor. The following properties were determined for the product:

Empirical formula, QMa.os(AO)o.esa(AI)r.9o

1 Calculated from metal content.

EXAMPLE 8 777 grams of di-(Z-ethyl hexyl) dithiophosphoric acid, 308 grams of iso-nonyl phenol (ratio of equivalents 1.52) and 914 grams of solvent extracted Mid-Continent oil having a viscosity of 160 SUS at 100 F. were mixed together, followed by an addition of BaO slurry consisting of 773 grams of BaO and 2,060 cc. of H20, while keeping the temperature below 65 C. The total mixture was then heated at 100 C. for one hour, followed by a raise in temperature to 150 C. over a period of 2% hours, and maintained at that level for one hour. The desired product was a slightly viscous liquid, red in color, and contained a slight odor. The product had the following properties:

Basic No 78.0 Per cent barium 22.7 Per cent sulphate ash 38.6 Metal ratio 4.52

Empirical formula, QM4.52(AO)o.css(AI)2.ss

1 Calculated from metal content.

EXAMPLE 9 172 grams of di-(n-hexyl) dithiophosphoric acid, 500 grams of petroleum sulphonic acid, 159 grams of isononyl phenol (ratio of equivalents of oil soluble acids to iso-nonyl phenol is 1.52), and 1,170 cc. of water were mixed together, then 437 grams of BaO were added over a period of /2 hour. The mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 1 hour, followed by heating to 150 C. over a period of 2 /2 hours, then maintaining that temperature for 1 hour. The desired product was a viscous liquid, brown in color, and contained a slight odor. The following properties were determined:

Basic No Per cent barium 28.6 Per cent sulphate ash 1 48.8 Metal ratio 5.22

Empirical formula, QMs.22(A)o.esa(AI)s.5c

1 Calculated from metal content.

EXAMPLE 10 color, and contained 'a slight odor. The following prop erties of the product wcredetermined:

Empirical formula, QMs.ss(AO)o.s5a(AI)3.7a

1 Calculated from metal content.

EXAMPLE 11 249 grams of petroleum naphthenic acid, 88.6 grams of para-tertiary butyl phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.70), 1212 grams of a conventionally-refined Mid-Continent oil having a viscosity of 110 SUS at 100 F., 347 grams of BaO, and 700 ml. of H20 were placed in a 5 liter, 3- neck flask and heated to 100C. with stirring. The mixture was held at 100-105" C. for 1 hour, and then the temperature was raised to ISO-160 C. After holding the temperature for 1 hour at 150-160" C., the mixture was blown with CO2 for hour, keeping the temperature at about 15 0160 C. The mixture was then filtered with Hyflo, and the separated product had the following properties:

Basic No Per cent sulphate ash 25.10 Metal ratio 4.10

Empirical formula, QM4.10(AO)0.067(AI)3.93

EXAMPLE 12 A mixture containing 500 grams of the barium salt ofpetrolatum sulphonic acid (sulphate ash 9.2%) 197 grams of the barium salt of petroleum sulphonic acid (sulphate ash 7.6%), and 50 grams of para-tertiary-butyl phenol (ratio of equivalents of the sulphonates to promoter is 1.54) was heated to C. A slurry of barium oxide constituting 123 grams of barium oxide and 330 grams of water was added to the mixture. The total mixture was refluxed for one hour at C. and then the temperature was slowly raised to C. for a period of one hour to substantially remove all the water. The complex was separated by filtration and was found to be a liquid, and black in color. The following properties were determined:

Empirical formula, QMz.41(AO)o.649(A I)o.'ze

While most of the examples given herein use either a neutral or normal salt of the organic acid as a starting material to produce the high metal content complex, nevertheless, it is contemplated for the purposes of this invention to employ the complexes produced by conventional techniques as a starting material. The following example illustrates this concept:

EXAMPLE 13 A 1634 grams of a barium petroleum sulphonate-BaO complex (obtained by dehydrating a barium petroleum sulphonate, 7.6% sulphate ash, water and BaO mixture at 150 C. for one hour, and producing a complex which has a basic number of 40, metal ratio of 2.25 and 16% sulphate ash) and 121 grams of di-isobutyl-phenol (ratio of equivalents 1.7) were combined and heated to 70 C.

To this mixture was added 665 cc. of water, followed by a slow addition'of grams of BaO. The entire mixture was then refluxed for one hour, and the temperature was raised to 150 C. over a three hour period and held there for one hour; Prior to filtering, the mass was blown with CO: at a rate of 3.6 cubic feet/hr. for 1% hours at 150 C. The product analyzed as follows:

Basic N 8.67 Per cent sulphate ash 24.8 Metal ratio 4.13

Empirical formula, QM4..13 (A) 0.30 (Al) 2.83

EXAMPLE 14 2000 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (sulphate ash 7.6%) were mixed with 120 grams of para-tertiary-butyl phenol 1.52 ratio of equivalents) and heated to 95 C. To said mixture was added a slurry of barium oxide containing 520 grams of barium oxide and 1390 ml. of water. The total mixture was heated for one hour at 100 C. and then was slowly raised in temperature over a period of three hours to 200 C. The mixture was maintained at this high temperature for a period of one-half hour. The salt complex was separated by filtering and was found to be an oily liquid, reddish-brown in color, and contained a faint odor. The following properties were determined:

Basic No 71.5 Per cent sulphate ash 24.3 Metal ratio 3.80

Empirical formula, QMs.so (A0) o.sss(AI) 2.14

EXAMPLE 15 2036 grams of 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (sulphate ash 7.6%) were mixed with 74.5 grams of phenol (1.67 ratio of equivalents) and heated to 100 C. A barium oxide slurry containing 483 grams of barium oxide and 1290 ml. of water was added and the mixture refluxed slowly for a period of one hour at 100 C. The mixture was then dehydrated by heating slowly to 200 C. and maintaining such a temperature for a period of about one-half hour. The salt complex was separated by filtration and was found to be an oily liquid, reddish-brown in color, and contained a slight odor. The following properties were determined for the complex:

EXAMPLE 16 A mixture of 2280 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (sulphate ash 7.6%) and 83 grams of phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.53) was heated to a temperature of 60 C. 496 grams of barium oxide and 1300 grams of water were added to the above mixture and the temperature was raised to 90100 C. After holding at said temperature for one hour, the temperature was raised over a period of three hours to 150 C. and held at that level for one-half hour. The resultant salt complex was fluid in consistency and dark red in color. The following properties were determined:

Empirical formula,, QM4.a:1.(AQ)n.a5i.(Almat- EXAMPLE 17 grams of tertiary-butyl benzene was reacted with 71 grams of chlorosulphonic acid at a temperature of 30- 40 C. for a period of one hour. The resultant product, tertiary-butyl benzene sulphonic acid, was dissolved in a little warm water and admixed with 1550 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (ratio of equivalents of sulphonate to sulfonic acid is 1.52). The mixture was heated to C., whereupon 284 grams of barium oxide and 760 ml. of water were added. The mixture was stirred for one hour at a temperature of 100-102 C. The temperature was thereupon raised to 200 C. for a short period and then reduced to 150 C. and held at that level for a period of one hour. The salt complex thus obtained was an oily liquid, reddishbrown in color, and contained a faint odor. The properties of the product are as follows:

Basic No 64.7 Per cent sulphate ash 27.0 Metal ratio 4.73 Empirical formula, QM4.13(AO) 0.654(AI)2.08

EXAMPLE 18 2500 grams of 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (sulphate ash 7.6%) were admixed with 173 grams of para-tertiary-butyl benzoic acid (1.68 ratio of equivalents) and heated to C. 458 grams of barium oxide and 1215 grams of water were added to the mixture and the temperature was maintained at C. for about one hour. Thereafter the temperature was slowly raised to C. and maintained at that level for a period of one hour. The salt complex was filtered from the total mixture and was an oily liquid, brown in color and contained a faint odor. The following properties were determined:

Basic No 32.1

Per cent sulphate ash 19.1

Metal ratio 2.88

Empirical formula, QM2.sB(AO)0.594(AI)1.29

EXAMPLE 19 630 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (7.6% sulphate ash) were admixed with 350 grams of nitroparaflin wax (ratio of equivalents is 0.59). Then 760 cc. of water was added, followed by the addition of 296 grams of BaO. For one hour the mixture was agitated at 90-100 C., whereupon the temperature was raised to 150 C. and held at that level for one hour. The mixture was filtered, and the complex obtained had the following properties:

Basic No 132 Per cent sulphate ash 33.3 Metal ratio 6.47 Empirical formula, QMe.4'z(AO)1.e9(AI)3.'za

EXAMPLE 20 2050 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (sulphate ash 7.6%) were admixed with 73.5 grams of l-nitro-propane (ratio of equivalents is 1.62) and heated to a temperature of 95 C. 388 grams of barium oxide and 1035 ml. of water were added to the mixture and the temperature was maintained for a period of one hour at 100 C. Thereafter the temperature of the mixture was slowly raised to 150 C. over a period of 2 /2 hours andmaintained at that level for a period of one hour. The product was an oily liquid, reddish-brown in color, and contained a slight odor. The following properties. were determined for the product:

Empirical formula. Q M4-.sa(AO) 0.817(AI) 2.9a

'9 EXAMPLE 21 1500 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a sulfate ash of 7.6%, 93 grams of iso-propyl phenol (ratio of equivalents 1.7), and 670 grams of water were placed in a 3-liter flask and heated to 60 C. 250 grams of BaO were then added, the temperature was allowed to rise to 100C. The mixture was held at 100 C. for one hour, followed by a rise in temperature to 150 C. over a two hour period, where the temperature was held for one-half hour. The total mixture was filtered, and the filtered product had the following properties:

Basic No 87.8 Per cent sulphate ash 25.95 Metal ratio 3.88 Empirical formula, QM2.sa(AO)u.59(AI)2.29

EXAMPLE 22 Basic No 85.5 Per cent sulphate ash 24.60 Metal ratio- 3.96 Empirical formula, QM3.96(AO)0.65(AI)2.31

EXAMPLE 23 2583 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6%" sulphate ash, 144.2 grams of beta-naphthol (ratio of equivalents is 1.69) and 1262 ml. of water were combined and mixed thoroughly. Then 472 grams of BaO were added over a one hour period, followed by maintaining the total mixture at 100 C. for one hour. The temperature was then raised to 150 C. and held there for one hour. Prior to filtering the mixture, it was blown with CO2 for 75 minutes at which time the mixture was slightly basic. After filtering, the product analyzed as follows:

Basic No 4.88 Per cent sulphate ash 23.8 Metal ratio 3.90 Empirical formula, QMa.9o(AO)o.1'z(AI)2.73

EXAMPLE 24 CO2 until the mixture was slightly basic. The filtered product analyzed as follows:

Basic No 3.9 Per cent sulphate ash 25.0 Metal ratio 4.17 Empirical formula, QM4.17(AO) .14(AI)3.03

EXAMPLE 25 2600 grams of a 30% solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6% sulphate ash, 215 grams of tertiary-butyl chlorophenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.7) and 1265 cc. of water were combined, followed by an additional 459 grams of BaO. The temperature of [the total mixture was raisedto-IOO' C. and held therefor Basic No 13.3 Per cent sulphate ash 25.45 Metal rat 4.38 Empirical formula, QM4.aa(AO)o.4a(AI)2.9o

EXAMPLE 26 1530 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6% sulphate ash and 131 grams of methyl naphthalene sulphonic acid (ratio of equivalents is 1.7) were combined and heated to 70 C. 725 grams of water were added to the mixture, followed by a slowtaddition of 271 grams of BaO. The entire mixture was refluxed for one hour, then the temperature was raised to 150 C. over a three hour period, and held there for one hour. Prior to filtering, the mass was blown with CO: at a rate of 3.6 cu. ft'./hr. for 1% hours at 150 C. The filtered product analyzed as follows:

Basic No Nil Per cent sulphate ash 25.9 Metal ratio 4 4 Empirical formula, QM4.41(AO)o.s9(AI)2.az

EXAMPLE 27 The filtered product analyzed as follows:

Basic No 0.23 Per cent sulphate ash 24.6 Metal ratio 4.10 Empirical formula, QM4.1o(AO)o.5a(AI)2.s1

EXAMPLE 28 Di-isopropyl benzene sulphonic acid obtained by reacting 162 grams of di-isopropyl benzene with 122 grams of chloro sulphonic acid for one hour at C. were combined with 2600 grams of ,a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6% sulphate ash and ml. of water. The ratio of equivalents of oil soluble sulphonate to sulphonic acid is 1.7. Then 471 grams of BaO were added slowly and the mixture held at 100 C. for one hour. Prior to filtering, the mixture was blown with CO2 for one half hour'at 120-140 C. The filtered product analyzed 'as follows:

EXAMPLE 29 Cymene sulphonic acid obtained by reacting 134 grams of cymene with 122 grams of chlorosulphonic acid at 70-100". C. for 1% hours 'were combined with 2600 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6% sulphate ash. and 1220 ml. of water. The ratio of equivalents of oil soluble sulphonate to sulphonic acid is 1.7. To this mixture was added 461 grams of BaO, and the entire mixture was then held at 85-100 C. for one hour. Then the temperature was raised to C. and held there for one hour. 'Prior to filtering, the mass was blown CO2 for 11 onehalf hour at 130 C. The filtered product analyzed as follows:

Acid No--- 0.95 Per cent sulphate ash 25.8 Metal ratio 4.38 Empirical formula, QM4.3s(AO)o.s9(AI)2.'19

EXAMPLE 30 follows:

Basic No 6.45 Per cent sulphate ash 23.2 Metal ratio 3.85 Empirical formula, QM3.s(AO)n.22(AI)2.63

EXAMPLE 31 2600 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6% sulphate ash, 236 grams of di-isopropyl dithiophosphoric acid (ratio of equivalents is 1.7 and 1220 ml. of water were combined, followed by a slow addition of 461 grams of BaO. The mixture was held at 100 C. for one hour, and then heated to 150 C. and held there for one hour. Prior to filtering, the mass Was blown with CO2 for minutes at 125,150

C. The filtered product analyzed as follows:

Acid No 0.27 Per cent barium 14.25 Per cent sulphate ash 1 24.2 Metal ratio 4.15

Empirical formula, QM4.i5(AO)o 5s(AI)2.ss

1 Calculated from metal content.

EXAMPLE 32 2580 grams of a oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6% sulphate ash, 99 grams of acetyl-acetone (ratio of equivalents is 1.7) and 1260 cc. of water were combined, followed by a slow addition of 455 grams of BaO over a one hour period. The entire mixture was held at 94 C. for one hour, followed by a one hour period of heating at 150 C. Prior to filtering, the mass was blown with CO2 for one hour at 135150 .C. The filtered product analyzed as follows:

Basic No 3.2 Per cent sulphate 22.7 Metal ratio 3.48 Empirical formula, QM3.48(AO) 0.1a (AI)2;sa

EXAMPLE 33 .1530 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6% sulphate ash and .206 grams of di't-butyl naphthalene sulphonic acid (ratio of equivalents is 1.7) were combined and heated to 70 C. 725 grams of water were then added, followed by a slow addition of 271 grams of BaO. The mixture was refiuxed for one hour, and then held at 150 C. for one hour. Prior to filtering, the mixture was blown with CO2 at a rate of 3.6 cu. :ft./hr. for 1.25 hours at a temperature of 150 C. The filtered product analyzed as follows:

Empirical formula, omanAoiaa-(anw The salt complex can also be prepared by starting with the oil-soluble sulphonic acid and treating with an organic salt forming compound from which the organic aquasalt is derived and the inorganic metal compound. This technique differs from those given above because as shown in all the above examples, the normal metal sulphonate or conventionally overbased sulphonate was employed as a starting material. In order to demonstrate that the metal ratio of the salt complex obtained by this method is greater than by conventional techniques, a comparison was made with a conventional technique in which the acid was employed as a starting material. In this respect, Example 34 below is illustrative.

EXAMPLE 34 The oil-soluble petroleum sulphonic acid employed in this test Was derived by reacting a .60% oil solution of sodium petroleum sulphonate with the stoichiometric amount of sulfuric acid (96% strength) at a temperature of 6070 C. for a period of two hours. After allowing the reaction mixture to stand about 12 hours, it was filtered twice through a glass cloth. 2,875 grams of the product just described were combined with 205.7 grams of para-tertiary-butyl phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.39), 1,647 grams of a low-viscosity mineral oil having a vis cosity of about SUS at 100 F., 927.6 grams of barium oxide and 2,480 grams of water and heated for one hour at a temperature of 98 C. The mixture was then dehydrated for one hour at a temperature of C. so as to remove substantially all of the water. The product was a viscous liquid, brown in color, and contained a mild odor. The following properties were determined for the desired product:

Basic N0 74.2 Percent sulphate sh 24,4 Metal ratio 4.02

Empirical formula, QM4.'02(AO)0.72(AI)2.30

The salt complexes of the present invention can be prepared by first adding water to the mixture of the oil-soluble metal sulphonate or sulphonic acid and the organic compound corresponding to the aquasalt, and then adding the inorganic metal compound in a dry state. In this respect, Example 35 given below illustrates an alternative method by which the saltcomplex can be prepared.

EXAMPLE 35 1,000 grams of the barium salt of di-parafiin wax subsituted phenol sulphonic acid (sulphate ash 6.6%) were admixed with 55 grams of para-tertiary-butyl phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.54) and heated to a temperature of 90 C. 800 cc. of water were then added. The mixture was mixed thoroughly and then 300 grams of dry barium oxide were added. T he total mixture was refluxed for two hours followed by an additional 573 grams of a mineral oil having aviscosity of SUS at 100 F. The temperature was raised over a period of four hours to C. and then maintained there one hour. The salt complex was obtained by filtering the product and was found to be a viscous liquid, dark brown in color, and contained a faint odor. The following properties were determined for the salt complex:

Empirical formula, QMs.s'I(AO)0.s5(AI)5.02

Another experiment was performed in which the preformed organic aquasalt was added to the process mass. Example 36 below illustrates this feature of the invention.

EXAMPLE 36 1,700 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (sulphate ash 7.6%) were admixed with 105 grams of barium phenate. ,(ratio of equivalents is 1.70), and 570 grams of water. The mixture was heated to Basic No 68 Percent sulphate ash 21.4 Metal ratio 3.23

Empirical formula, QM3.23 (AO)o.5a(AI)1.e4

The following examples by comparison illustrate the substantial increase in metal content of the complex which is obtained by treating the mass with an acidic material before filtering to separate the desired product.

EXAMPLE 37 1,700 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a sulphate ash of 7.6% were mixed with 134 grams of diisobutyl-phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.7) and heated to 70 C. 302 grams of BaO and 800 cc. of Water were added thereto, and the mixture was refluxed for one hour. The temperature was then raised to 160 C. over a period of 6 hours and maintained at that temperature for one hour. The mass was filtered and the product obtained was a liquid, brown in color, and contained a slight odor. The following properties of the products were determined:

EXAMPLE 38 1,700 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a sulphate ash of 7.6% were mixed with 134 grams of diisobutyl-phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.7 and heated to 70 C. Then 800 cc. of H20 and 302 grams of BaO were added and the mixture refluxed for one hour. The temperature was raised to 150 C. and maintained there for one hour. CO: was then injected therethrough at 150 C. and at a rate of 1,650 cc./min. for 38 minutes. The mass was then cooled and filtered to separate the complex. The product was liquid, brown in color, and contained a faint odor. The following properties of the product were determined:

EXAMPLE 39 400 lbs. of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a sulphate ash of 7.6% were heated to 80 C., and 32.5 lbs. of diisobutyl-phenol '(ratio of equivalents is 1.67) were added thereto. Then 197 lbs. of Water were added to the mixture, with stirring to insure thorough mixing. 73 lbs. of BaO were added thereto over a 30 minute period at 55-80 C. The mixture was agitated for about 10 minutes more at 80 C., then the temperature was raised to 100 C. and held there for one hour. Thereafter, the temperature was raised to about 150 C. and maintained at that level for one hour. Following this step, CO2 was blown through the mass until about 75 lbs. thereof had been used over a period of three hours and at a temperature of 135-170 C. The mass was then filtered and the product was found to have the following I. 1 I I I Empirical formula, ;QM4.3s(AO)o.1a(AI):.1r I

14 EXAMPLE 4o 4,590 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.8% sulphate ash, 363 grams of diisobutylphenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.7) and 2,800 grams of H20 were heated to 60 C. 1,042 grams of BaO were added slowly and then the temperature of the mixture was raised to'94-98" C. and held there for one hour. Thereafter the temperature was raised to 150 C. in four hours, and maintained there for one hour. A small portion of the mass, 361 grams, was removed and filtered to give product A, whereas the remainder (5,296 grams) was blown with S02 at 170 C. until 330 grams thereof was used. This latter mass was then filtered and the product given below as product B Was obtained. The analyses of products A and B are as follows:

Product A Product B Basic No. 63 4.5 Percent sulphate ash 19.5 29.5 Metal ratio 3.18 5.35

Empirical formulae 7 QMa.1a(AO) 0.5a (AI) 1. QMus (A0) o.1r(AI)4.ra

From the foregoing examples it is shown that the method of treating the mass prior to filtering with an acidic material results in substantial increase in sulphate ash of the complex and thus correspondingly higher metal ratios.

The salt complexes can also be prepared by combining the oil-soluble metal sulphonate and inorganic metal compound in the presence of the sediment which forms occasionally in some of the methods illustrated above. The following examples illustrate the utility of the sediment for preparing salt complexes of the present invention.

EXAMPLE 41 1,700 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6% sulphate ash were mixed with 61 grams of phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.70) and the mixture was heated to 75 C. 261 grams of barium oxide and 710 grams of water were then added and the total mixture was raised in temperature to C. and held at that level for one hour. Thereafter, the temperature was raised slowly to C. and held there for about one hour. The total mixture was allowed to settle overnight, followed by decantation and filtering. In this experiment 450 grams of sediment were produced. The filtered salt complex was a viscous liquid, light brown in color, and contained a slight odor. The following prop-- erties of the product were determined:

Basic No 59.5 Percent sulphate ash 21.2 Metal ratio 3.20

Empirical formula, QM3.2o(AO)o.5s(AI)1.e1

EXAMPLE 42 1,700 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6% sulphate ash, 20 grams of phenol, 450 grams of sediment obtained from the preparation given in Example 41, 710 grams of water and 261 grams of barium oxide (barium oxide added slowly) were mixed together and heated to a temperature of 100 C. for about one hour. The total mixture was then raised in temperature in a slow manner to about 150-160 C. and held there for one hour until substantially all the water was removed. The salt complex was separated by filtration and was found to be a viscous liquid, light brown in color, and contained a slight odor. The following properties were determined for the salt complex:

Empirical formula, QM4.ae (AO)o.-2r(AI)s.4s, 4 w

In the following examples, organic acids or salt thereof and inorganic alkaline earth metal compounds containing a metal other than barium were combined in the presence of a promoter to produce overbased products.

EXAMPLE 43 1,120 grams of a 45% oil solution of calcium petroleum sulphonate having a sulphate ash content of 6.5%, 59 grams of l-nitro-propane (ratio of equivalents is 1.52), 150 grams of Ca(OH),2 and 830 ml. of water were mixed together, and heated to about 100 C. for about one hour. The temperature was then raised to 150 C. and held at that level for one hour. The product was separated by filtering, and was found to be a viscous liquid, brown in color, and contained a faint odor. It was determined the end product had lost approximately 75% of the original nitro-propane by volatilization. The product possessed the following properties:

Basic N 36.1 Percent sulphate ash 13.15 Metal ratio 2.36

Empirical formula, QMaas (AC ))0.1a (AI) 1.18

A mixture of 459 grams of phenol, 244 grams of water, and 90.5 grams of Ca(OI-I)z was stirred at the reflux temperature for two hours. Thereafter 1,046 grams of a 45% oil solution of calcium petroleum sulphonate having a 6.7% sulphate ash content were added (the ratio of sulfonate to phenol in the mass is 0.205). The mass was then heated to 125 C., at which temperature a distillate consisting of 244 grams of water and 32 grams of phenol was obtained. Thereafter the dehydrated mixture was blown with CO2 for 3 hours at 120l50 C., and an additional 60 grams of distillate were collected, which distillate on analysis was found to contain 42 grams of phenol. On further heating to 200 C. under 20 mm. Hg absolute pressure, 375 grams more of phenol were recovered. The residue in the flask was then filtered to separate the desired salt complex, which was a brown, odorless fluid. The salt complex had the following analysis:

Basic'No 8.07 Percent sulphate ash 18.35 Metal ratio 3.07 Empirical formula, QM3.07 (AO)0.16 (AI)1.91

Another preparation was made in which dissimilar alkaline earth metals were present in the organic acid compound and inorganic metal compound. The following example illustrates this feature of the invention.

EXAMPLE 45 Basic N 7 4.2 Percent sulphate ash 25.2 Metal ratio 3.94

Empiricalformula, QM3.94(AO)0.59 (AI)2;ss

The-complexes of this invention can be also obtained by using a mixture of oil soluble organic acid and the alkaline earth metal ,salt thereof. Thefollowing example illustrates this concept.

16 EXAMPLE 46 2875 grams of petroleum sulphonic acid and 6000 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (sulfate ash is 7.6%) were admixed with 553.7 grams of .para-tertiary-butyl phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.60). The mixture was heated to about 50 C. whereupon a slurry of BaO (consisting of 2027.6 grams of B210 and 5395 grams of water) was added and the mixture was then maintained at a temperature of about -95" C. for an additional hour. Upon inspection, the mixture appeared thoroughly mixed, therefore the temperature was slowly raised to C. and held there for approximately one hour. The product analyzed as fol- Empirical formula, QMsna (AO)o.62(AI)2.11

EXAMPLE 47 1239 grams of salt complex produced in Example 35 was heated toa temperature of C. While maintaining this temperature for a period of 1% hours, CO2 was blown through the mixture. The temperature was then lowered to 150 C., continuing the passage of CO2 through the mixture, and the basic number of the mixture was tested every 10 minutes, until the analysis showed a basic number of 2.5. The salt complex-CO2 product was then separated and was found to be liquid in consistency, brown in color, and contained a very slight odor. The following properties were determined for the product:

Basic No Percent sulphate ash By comparison, the product of Example 35 contained a sulphate ash of 23.8% whereas the same product after blowing with CO2 contained a sulphate ash of 23.2. Therefore, it can be seen that the metal ratio of the salt complex is substantially the same after treatment with CO2. Empirical formula:

EXAMPLE 48 salt complex-CO2 product:

Basic N 4.3 Percent sulphate ash 22.

It can be seen, therefore, by the gain in weight of the product that the CO2 actually enters into combination with the salt complex. Furthermore, the metal ratio of the product is substantially the same as the salt complex prior to being blown with CO2, since the sulphate ash content is substantially the same as before CO2 treatment, and conformed tothe empirical formula:

QMs.59 (AO)0.14(AI)2.45

Another salt complex product which was blown with COzis given in Example 49 below.

EXAMPLE 49 2500 grams-of a 30% 'oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate containing 7.6% sulphate ash were mixed with 45.6 grams of phenol (ratio'of equivalents is 3.36) and heated to -95 C. A slurry of barium oxidecontaining 422 grams of barium oxide and 1125 ml. of water was added to the mixture, with stirring, and held at a temperature of 97-102 C. for a period of one hour. The temperature was then slowly raised over a period of three hours to 150 C. and maintained at that level for an additional period of one hour until substantially all the water was removed. The desired salt complex was separated by filtering and was found to be an oily liquid, brown in color, and contained a faint odor. The following properties were determined:

Basic No 60.6 Percent sulphate ash 22.3 Metal ratio 3.34 Empirical formula, QMa.s4(AO)o.ao(AI)2.o4

EXAMPLE 5 1250 grams of the salt complex produced in accordance with the method given in Example 49 above were blown with CO2 for approximately two hours at a temperature below 60 C., until an acid number of 5.0 was obtained. The weight of product obtained was 1260 grams.

The COz-salt complex product was then heated at a temperature of 190 C. under a vacuum of 10 mm. producing a distillate weighing about 10 grams. The distillate was then dissolved in iso-propyl ether and then dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and then the magnesium sulphate was removed by filtration. 5 grams of residue remained. This residue was found to be phenol, thus indicating that treatment of the salt complex with an acidic material liberates at least a portion of the ionizable organic compound from complex formation.

After the distillation step, the following properties for the salt complex were determined:

Basic No 2.96 Percent sulphate ash 22.4

The percent sulphate ash of the COz-salt complex product indicates that little or no metal is removed from the complex as a result of the CO2 treatment and the distillation step to recover the ionizable organic compound. The product conformed to the empirical formula:

QM3.34(AO) 0.09(AI)2.25

EXAMPLE 51 Basic No 1.06 Percent sulphate ash 22.6 Metal ratio 3.20

Empirical formula, QM3.20(AO)0.03(AI)2.17

Here again it is shown that the treatment of the salt complex with an acidic material liberates the promoter from complex formation.

EXAMPLE 52 6000 grams of a 30% solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (sulphate ash 7.6% 348 grams of para-tertiary-butyl phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.70), and 2915 grams of water were mixed and heated to a temperature of 60 C. 1100 grams of barium oxide were added slowly and the temperature of the total mixture was raised to 94-98 C. and held there for one hour. The temperature of the mixture was then slowly raised over a period of 7 /2 hours to about 150 C. and held at that level for an additional hour until substantially all the water was removed. The salt complex obtained is a liquid, brown in color, and did not contain any odor. The following properties were determined:

Basic No 82.5 Percent sulphate ash 26.0 Metal ratio 4.2

Empirical formula, QM4.2(AO)0.59(AI)2.61

EXAMPLE 53 380 lbs. of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate were mixed with 21.9 lbs. of para-tertiarybutyl phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.7) and 184 lbs. of water. This mixture was heated to 50 C. and 68 lbs. of BaO were added over a period of 1 /2 hours while not permitting the temperature to go above C. The total mixture was held at C. for one hour, then heated to 150 C. over a period of 4.8 hours and held there for one hour. The desired product was fluid, dark red, and possessed the following properties:

Basic No 80.5 Percent sulphate ash 26.0 Metal ratio 4.2 Empirical formula, QM4.2(AO)O.59(AI)2.61

EXAMPLE 54 QM4.2(AO)0.03 (AI)3.17

In all of the foregoing examples, the ratio of equivalents of the organic acid or salt thereof to the promoter has been within the preferred range, viz. 1.5-3.5- to 1. The following examples illustrate the preparation of end-products wherein the ratio of equivalents falls outside of said preferred range, but comes within the broad range found to be operable.

EXAMPLE 55 1000 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate containing 7.6% sulphate ash were mixed with 750 grams of water at 50 C. 282 grams of BaO were added thereto, followed by the addition of a slurry consisting of 460 grams of water, 87 grams of BaO, and grams of para-tertiary-butyl phenol (ratio of equivalents of sulphonate to phenolic compound is 0.77). The mass was stirred for one-half hour at about 100 C., then it was heated to 200 C. and maintained at that tempera ture for 2 hours.

The salt complex was separated by filtration. It was a red-brown, viscous liquid, and had the following properties:

' Basic No 46 Percent sulphate ash 27. 9 Metal ratio 5 4 Empirical formula, QM5.4(AO)1.3(AI)3.1

EXAMPLE 56 rated by filtration. It was a viscous, brown liquid, and had the following properties:

EXAMPLE 57 1000 grams of petroleum sulphonic acid, 98.1 grams of para-tertiary-butyl phenol (ratio of equivalents of sulphonic acid to phenolic compound is 1.7) and 989 grams of water were mixed together and heated to 50 C. Thereafter 258 grams of strontium oxide (SrO) were added to the mixture and the temperature was raised to 100 C. and maintained at that level for about one hour. Then the temperature was raised to about 150 C. and held there for an additional hour. Thereafter CO2 was introduced into the mixture for /2 hour at a rate of 2 cubic ft. per hr. and the salt complex separated by filtration. The salt complex was a liquid of a brownish color and had the following analyses:

Basic No 1.87 Percent sulphate ash 13.7 Metal ratio 1.65

Empirical formula, QM1.s5(AO)o.om(AI)o.so

EXAMPLE 58 1530 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6% sulphate ash and 210 grams of trichlorodiphenyl ether sulphonic acid (ratio of equivalents is 1.7) were heated to 70 C. To this mixture were added 725 grams of water followed by the addition of 271 grams of BaO. The entire mixture was refluxed for one hour, then heated to 150 C. over a three hour period and held there for one hour. Prior to filtering, the mixture was blown with CO2 at 150 C. and at a rate of 3.6 cu. ft./hr. for one and one-half hours. The filtered product analyzed as follows:

Acid No 0.45 Percent sulphate ash 24.7 Metal ratio 4.34

Empirical formula, QM4.34(AO)0.59(AI)2.75

' It should be noted that in all of the specific examples given above, the mahogany sulphonates were referred to as either calcium, barium or strontium petroleum sulphonate. and likewise a similar designation was used for the mahogany acid.

- The alkaline earth metal complexes of the invention heretofore described can serve as starting materials for the production of metal complexes of even higher metal content, which shall be termed for convenience as superbased salts or superbased complexes.

In this particular aspect of our invention, the complex produced in accordance with the techniques previously set forth is first treated with an inorganic acidic reagent which when present in the reaction mass has an ionization constant higher than that of the organic compound whose union is present in the organic aquasalt. Acidic reagents useful for this purpose include, for examp e, the strong mineral acids as well as various acid anhydrides and acid halides. The examples of suitable acidic reagents, effective in the presence of either free or combined water, include HCl, H2801, HNOs. CO2. COS, S02, S03, air (because of CO2 content), N02, H25, H2Se, N203, PClx, SOClz, SO2Cl2, C102, BFs, H2192, CS2, and the like.

The choice of the particular acidic reagent to be used in connection with the superbasing technique is influenced by the type or organic aquasalt present in the initial metal salt complex starting material. When the organic aquasalt has been formed of a weakly acidic compound such as phenolic and enolic compounds, relatively more acidic reagents such as CO2 or COS will possess a high enough ionization constant in the reaction mass to liberate at least a portion of the anion of such compounds from their aquasalts. On the other hand, when the organic aquasalt is formed from a relatively strong acid, e. g. a carboxylic acid, the acidic reagent selected must be one which will have a higher ionization constant, i. e. a stronger acidic reaction, so as to perform the function of liberating at least a portion of the anion of such stronger acid from its aquasalt prior to the superbasing step described below.

After the acid-treated salt complex has been prepared, the next step in our superbasing technique is to add a proportion of inorganic alkaline earth metal compound, preferably from 3 to 40% by weight, and optionally Water and additional amount of an organic aquasalt or the free salt-forming compound from which such aquasalt is formed. Thereafter the mass is heated to a temperature not substantially in excess of 350 0., preferably from about C. to 200 C., to effect the complexing of the inorganic alkaline earth compound and thereby yield the desired superbased salt.

The superbased salt may be used as such or may be treated with an additional amount of acidic re gent to reduce its titratable basicity. As a further refinement, the latter acid-treated material may be complexed with additional inorganic alkaline earth metal compound to further increase its metal content. For most purposes, however, the superbased salt initially produced will be found to be satisfactory.

The following examples illustrate the preparation of superbased salts in accordance with the general principles which have been set forth.

EXAMPLE 5 9 (a) 6000 grams of a 30% solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (sulfate ash 7.6% 348 grams of para-tertiary butyl phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.53), and 2911 grams of water were mixed and heated to a temperature of 60 C. 1100 grams of barium oxide were added slowly and the temperature of the total mixture was raised to 9498 C. and held there for one hour. The temperature of the mixture was then slowly raised over a period of 7 /2 hours to about C. and held at that level for an additional hour, until substantially all the water was removed. The metal complex obtained is a liquid, brown in color, and did not contain any odor. The following properties were determined:

Basic No 82.5 Percent sulphate ash 26.0 Metal ratio 4.35

(b) 6623 grams of the metal complex produced in accordance with (a) above were treated with S02 until 327 grams of the gas were combined with the metal complex. The product thus obtained had a neutralization number of O. The SO2-metal complex product was I liquid, brown in color, and did not contain any odor.

(c) 1000 grams of the SO2-treated metal complex produced in accordance with (b) above were mixed with 286 grams of water and heated to a temperature of 60 C. Thereafter 107.5 grams of barium oxide were added slowly and the temperature was then maintained at 94- 98 C. for one hour. Following this step, the total mixture was raised in temperature to 150 C. over a period of 1% hours and held there for a period of one hour. The superbased salt was purified by filtration, and was found to be a liquid, brown in color, and did not contain any odor. The following properties of the superbased salt were determined:

Basic No 38.6 Percent sulfate ash 33.7 Metal ratio 6.30

Empirical formula, QMs.a(AO)o.ss(AI)4.s5

It can be seen from (a) above that the sulphate ash of the product increased from 26.0 to 33.7. Furthermore, the product produced in (b) above involved the treatment or complex with $02 to obtain a zero basic number; whereas in (c) above, the basic number was increased to 38.6. It is clearly shown, therefore, that by additionally treating with SOz-metal complex product with an inorganic metal compound, the resultant product contains additional metal over and above that which is found in the complex prior to treatment with the organic metal compound.

In the next example, it will be shown that water is not required in the superbasing step, in order to obtain superbased salts which contain substantially more metal than the organic salt complex starting material.

EXAMPLE 60 (a) 6000 grams of 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (sulfate ash 7.6%), 348 grams of para-tertiary-butyl phenol (ratio of equivalents is 1.53), and 2911 grams of water were mixed and heated to a temperature of 60 C. To this mixture were slowly added 100 grams of barium oxide and the temperature was then raised to 94-98" C. and held there for a period of one hour. The total mixture is raised in temperature to 150 C. over a period of 7 /2 hours and held there for a period of one hour. The metal complex is separated by filtering the product. The complex was found to be a liquid, brown in color, and did not contain any odor. The following properties were determined for the product.

Basic No 72.8 Per cent sulfate ash 22.3 Metal ratio 3.69

(b) 6190 grams of the metal complex obtained in accordance with the method given in (a) above were treated with CO2 for a period of 1% hours, at a temperature of 26-55 C. The total gain in weight of the complex by virtue of the CO2 treatment. was 179 grams. The final product had a basic number of 1.5.

(c) 1029 grams of the COz-metal complex of (b) above were heated to 50 C. and then 109.8 grams of anhydrous barium hydroxide were added. The total mixture was held at a temperature of 100 C. for one hour and the temperature was raised to 150 C. and held at that level for a period of one hour. The desired superbased salt was separated by filtering and was found to be fluid in consistency, and reddish brown in color. The following properties were determined.

Basic No 31.5 Per cent sulfate ash 28.6 Metal ratio 5.10

Empirical formula, QM5.1(AO)0.65(AI)3.45

By comparing the product formed in (c) above with the product of (a) above, it can be seen from the sulfate ash analyses that an appreciable amount of metal has been incorporated in the ultimate product.

EXAMPLE 61 (a) 400 lbs. of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulphonate (sulfate ash 7.6%) were placed in a suitable vessel and heated to 26 C. At this temperature 32.5 lbs. of 'diisobutylphenol were added, and the mixture was mixed thoroughly. Then 197 lbs. of water were added, followed by an addition of 73 lbs. of BaO over a 30 minute period, while keeping the temperature at 5784 C. Thereafter the temperature was raised to 100 C. and kept there for 1 hour, followed by another temperature increase to 152 C. and maintained at the latter level also for 1 hour. The process mixture was then blown with 75 lbs. of CO2 over a three hour period and at a temperature of l35l70 C The separated product had the following properties:

(b) 1000 grams of the product produced above in (a) and 121.8 grams of diisobutyl-phenol were placed in a suitable container and mixed thoroughly at C. Then 234 grams of Ba(OH)2 were added, followed by raising the temperature of the mass to 100 C. and holding for 1 hour. The temperature of the mixture was again raised to 150 C. and maintained at that level for 1 hour. A portion of the process mass was filtered and the separated product analyzed as follows:

Basic No 42.8 Per cent sulfate ash 33.7 Metal ratio 6.3

Empirical formula, QMs.3 (AO)1.ss(AI)a.s2

The remainder of the unfiltered process mass was blown with CO2 at a rate of 3 cubic feet per hour for 1 hour at 150 C. The process mass was then filtered and the desired superbased salt had the following properties.

Basic No 7.6 Per cent sulfate ash 39.8 Metal ratio 9.3

Empirical formula, QM9.3(AO).37(AI)7.93

EXAMPLE 62 (a) 380 pounds of a 30% oil solution barium petroleum sulphonate having a 7.6% sulfate ash, 21.9 pounds of para-tertiary butyl phenol and 184 pounds of water were mixed in a suitable vessel, and then heated to 124 F. 68 pounds of BaO were added to the mixture over a 1 /2 hour period while the temperature was maintained at 124-l84 F. The temperature of the total mixture was raised to 211 F. in one hour and maintained at that level for an additional hour. Thereafter, the temperature was again raised to 308 F. over a 4.8 hour period and held at that level for 1 hour. Hyflo, a filter aid, was added and the material was filtered while still hot. The separated product had the following properties.

Basic No 80.5 Per cent sulfate ash 26.0 Metal ratio 4.2

(b) 355 pounds of the metal complex of (a) above were heated to about P. Then 14.5 pounds of gaseous CO2 were passed through the metal complex over a 5 /2 hour period, while maintaining the temperature at about 110165 F. The treated metal complex was cooled and the following analyses were determined.

Acid No 2.4 Per cent sulfate ash 25.1 Metal ratio 4.2

of the process mass were filtered, and the separated product analyzed as follows:

Basic No 86.0 Per cent sulfate ash 39.1 Metal ratio 8.0

Basic N 10.25 Per cent sulfate ash 40.9 Metal ra 8.35

Empirical formula, QM8.35(AO)0A4(AI)G.91

Acids useful in preparation of oilsalts Since the meaning of the term soap is restricted to salts of carboxylic acids, we utilize the term oilsalt as meaning the oil-soluble alkaline earth metal salts of organic acids. The term oilsalts excludes oil-insoluble salts.

In preparing the organic metal complexes of this invention, the oilsalts or their acid derivatives are used as starting materials. The term starting material as used herein and in our co-pendiug applications above identified, is defined as oilsalts and their acid derivatives. Thus, barium petroleum sulfonate is an oilsalt, petroleum sulfonic acid is a derivative of this oilsalt, and either one or both can be used as a starting material. At this point itshould be noted that whereas earlier workers found it necessary to first prepare a normal oilsalt and then react the oilsalt with an additional amount of a saltforming material, the process of this invention can be carried on as a one-step process by beginning with the oil-soluble organic acid. While it is possible to first prepare an oilsalt of the organic acid in the usual way, by a conventional salt-forming procedure, and then begin the process by utilizing such oilsalt as one of the starting materials, it may be more convenient to employ as the starting material the organic acid rather than the oilsalt. The process is operable for the production of certain types of compounds when utilizing as starting materials any of the complexes produced by the prior art processes. Also, as a starting material, mixtures of acids and oilsalts can be used to produce the complex. Oilsalts can be prepared from organic acids containing at least 12 aliphatic carbon atoms and selected from the class consisting of aliphatic and cyclic; sulphur acids, carboxylic acids, phosphorus acids, the thio acids of any of the foregoing acids.

More specific examples of organic acids useful in preparation of oilsalts are the sulphur acids including sulphonic, sulphamic, sulphinic, thiosulphonic, etc., and of these the sulphonic acids will find particular application under the present invention. A more specific identification of the sulphonic acids is given hereinbelow.

The carboxylic acids useful in preparation of oilsalts include the fatty acids wherein there are present at least about 12 and preferably 15 carbon atoms, such as, for example, palmitic, stearic, myristic, oleic, linoleic, etc. acids. The carboxylic acids of the aliphatic type can contain elements in the aliphatic radical other than carbon and hydrogen; examples of such acids are the carbamic acids, ricinoleic acids, chloro-stearic acids, nitrolauric acids, etc. In addition to the aliphatic carboxylic acids, it is intended to employ the cyclic types such as those containing a benzenoid structure, i. e., benzene, naphthalene, etc., and an oil-solubilizing radical or radicals having a total of at least about 15 to 18 carbon atoms. Such acids are the oil-soluble aliphatic substituted aromatic acids as for example, stearyl-benzoic acids, monoor polywax substituted benzoic or naphthoic acids wherein the wax group contains at least about 18 carbon atoms, cetyl hydroxy-benzoic acids, etc. The cyclic type of carboxylic acids also includes those acids which have present in the compound a cycloaliphatic group. Examples of such acids are petroleum naphthenic acids, cetyl cyclohexane carboxylic acids, di-lauryl deca-hydronaphthalene carboxylic acids, di-octyl cyclopentane carboxylic acids, etc. It is also contemplated to employ the thio-carboxylic acids, that is, those carboxylic acids in which one 24 or both of the oxygen atoms of the carboxylic group are replaced by sulphur. These carboxylic and thio-carboxylic acids can be represented by the following formulae:

wherein R is an aliphatic radical, x is at least 1, and (R')a: contains a total of at least about 15 to 18 carbon atoms; T is a cyclic nucleus such as benzene, naphthalene, diphenyl ether, diphenyleue oxide, diphenyl sulphide, diphenylene sulphide, phenol, hydroxynaphthalenes, phenol disulphides, petroleum naphthenes, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, chloro-cyclohexane, nitro-cyclopentane, deca-hydronaphthalene, mercapto-deca-hydro-naphthalene, etc.; and X is either oxygen or sulphur. In Formula II, R is an aliphatic group containing at least 12 carbon atoms and X is either oxygen or sulphur. R, R, and T can also contain other substituent groups such as nitro, amino, hydroxy, mercapto, halogen etc. Representative examples are nitro-stearic acids, ceryl-chloro salicyiic acids, chloro-palmitic acids, cetyl-anthranilic acids, stcaryl-rnercapto-naphthoic acids, etc.

The phosphorus acids useful in preparation of oilsalts include triand pentavalent organic phosphorus acids and the corresponding thio-acids, which are, for example, phosphorus, phosphoric, thiophosphoric, thiophosphorous, phosphinic, phosphonic, thiophosphinic, thiophosphonic, etc. acids. Among the most useful of the phosphorus acids are those represented by the following formulae:

wherein X and X are either oxygen or sulphur and at least one X and one X is sulphur, and R and R are each either the same or different organic radicals or hydrogen, and wherein at least one is an organic radical and at least one R is hydrogen and wherein at least one R is an organic radical and at least one R is hydrogen. Therefore, such formulae include the oil-soluble organic thioacids of phosphorus, more particularly the organic thiophosphoric acids and the organic thiophosphorous acids. The organic radicals R and R can be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, aliphaticand cycloaliphatic-substituted aromatic, etc. The organic radicals R and R preferably contain a total of at least about 12 carbon atoms in each of the above thio-acid types I and ll. Examples of such acids are dicapryl dithiophosphoric acids, di- (methyl-cyclohexyl) dithiophosphorous acids, di-(methylcyclohexyl) dithiophosphorous acids, lauryl monothiophosphoric acids, di-(butyl-phenyl) dithiophosphoric acids, and mixtures of two or more of the foregoing acids.

Certain of the above described thio-acids of phosphorus such as for example di-capryl dithiophosphoric acid are also commonly referred to as acid esters.

As indicated, our process is applicable not only when using the oil-soluble organic acid as such as one of the starting materials, but also oilsalts or the alkaline earth metal salts of such organic acids. The present process will produce a high metal content organo metallic material when as one of the starting materials one uses any of the metal organic complexes produced by the prior art workers, such as for example, Griesinger, Campbell et al., McLennan and Mertes. We thus may utilize as a starting material the end product produced by these prior art workers and from them produce the novel high metal content complex of our invention.

From the broad class of available organic acid compounds, it is preferred to employ the oil-soiuble sulphonic acid compounds. Furthermore, of the available alkaline earth metal salts of organic acids, the barium salts thereof are preferred for the reasons that unexpectedly excellent results are obtained by the use thereof. These oilsoluble sulphonic acids, and the alkaline earth metal salts thereof can be represented by the following structural formulae:

In the above formulae M is either an alkaline earth metal, preferably barium, or hydrogen; T is a cyclic nucleus either of the monoor poly-nuclear type including benzenoid or heterocyclic nuclei such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, diphenylene, thianthrene, phenothioxine, diphenylene sulphide, diphenylene oxide, diphenyl oxide, diphenyl sulphide, diphenyl amine, etc.; R is an aliphatic group such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxy-alkyl, carboalkoxy-alkyl, or aralkyl groups, x is at least 1, and R1 contains a total of at least about 15 to 18 carbon atoms; R in Formula III is an aliphatic radical containing a total of at least about 15 to 18 carbon atoms, and M is either an alkaline earth metal, preferably barium, or hydrogen. When R is an aliphatic substituted cycloaiiphatic group, the aliphatic substituent should contain a total of at least about 12 carbon atoms. Examples of types of the R radical are alkyl, alkenyl, and alkoxy-alkyl radicals, and aliphatic substituted cycloaliphatic radicals where the aliphatic group is alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxy-alkyl, carboalkoxyalkyl, etc. Specific examples of R are cetyl-cyclohexyl, lauryl' cyclohexyl, ceryloxyethyl, and octadecenyl radicals, and radicals derived from petrolatum saturated and unsaturated parafi'in wax, poly olefins, including poly-C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, Ca, olefin hydrocarbons. The groups T, R, and R in the above formulae can also contain other organic or inorganic substituents in addition to those enumerated above, such as for example, hydroxy, mercapto, halogen, nitro, amino, nitroso, carboxy, ester, etc.

In Formula I above, x, y, z and b are at least one; Whereas in Formula II, a, d, and c are at least one.

The following are specific examples of oil-soluble sulphonic acids coming within Formulae I and II above, and it is to be understood that such examples serve to also illustrate the alkaline earth metal salts of the sulphonic acids. In other words, for every sulphonic acid, it is intended that the alkaline earth metal salt thereof is also illustrated. This includes specifically, the barium, strontium, and calcium salts of the hereinbelow illustrated sulphonic acids.

Such sulphonic acids are mahogany sulphonic acids; petrolatum sulphonic acids; monoand polywax substituted naphthalene sulphonic, phenol sulphonic, diphenyl ether sulphonic, diphenyl ether disulphonic, naphthalene disulphide, sulphonic, naphthalene disulphide disulphonic, diphenyl amine disulphonic, diphenyl amine sulphonic, thiophene sulphonic, alpha-chloro-naphthalene sulphonic acids, etc.; other substituted sulphonic acids such as cetyl chlorobenzene sulphonic acids, cetyl-phenol sulphonic acids, cetyl-phenol disulphide sulphonic acids, cetylphenol mono-sulphide sulphonic acids, cetoxy caprylbenzene sulphonic acids, di-cetyl thianthrene sulphonic acids, di-lauryl beta-naphthol sulphonic acids, and dicapryl nitro-naphthalene sulphonic acids; aliphatic sulphonic acids such as parafiin wax sulphonic acids, unsaturated parafi'ln wax sulphonic acids, hydroxy substituted parafiinwax sulphonic acids, tetraisobutylene sulphonic acids, tetra-amylene sulphonic acids, chloro-substituted parafiin wax sulphonic acids, nitroso paraffin wax sulphinic acids, etc.; cycloaliphatic sulphonic acids, such as petroleum naphthene sulphonic acids, bis-(diisobutyl)- cyclohexyl sulphonic acids, monoand poly-wax substituted cyclohexyl sulphonic acids, etc.

With respect to the sulphonic acids, it is intended herein to employ the term petroleum sulphonic acids to cover all sulphonic acids which are derived from petroleum products. Additional examples of sulphonic acids and/ or alkaline earth metal salts thereof which can be employed as starting materials are disclosed in the following U. S. Patents: 2,174,110; 2,174,506; 2,174,508; 2,193,824; 2,197,800; 2,202,791; 2,212,786; 2,213,360; 2,338,598; 2,233,676; 2,239,974; 2,263,312; 2,276,090; 2,276,097; 2,315,514; 2,319,121; 2,321,022; 2,333,568; 2,333,788; 2,335,259; 2,337,552; 2,346,568; 2,366,027; 2,374,193 and 2,383,319.

Of the various types of organic acids and oilsalts thereof enumerated above, i. e. sulphur acids, carboxylic acids, phosphorus acids, etc., it is preferred to employ the sulphur-bearing organic acids or oilsalts thereof. However, it is to be understood that all of organic acids and oilsalts thereof are not equivalent in their ability to complex with unusual amount of inorganic alkaline earth metal compounds in the presence of aquasalts, because under certain conditions, some organic acids or salts thereof are more effective than others.

Materials useful in preparation of organic aquasalts Aquasalts, as previously defined, are oil-insoluble salts. The organic aquasalts and their acid derivatives are effective as promoters and may be so designated, since their function is to promote the formation of the organic metal complexes.

The promoter employed in the process of this invention can be the organic compound (AO)H wherein H is hydrogen or the metal equivalent thereof and (A0) the hydrogen equivalent of the anion of an aquasalt. Also the aquasalt of (AO)H can be used alone or in admixture with the compound (AO)H. The compounds (AO)H should have ionization constants measured in Water at 25 C. greater than about IXIO' water solubilities of at least about 0.0005% at 50 C. and saturated aqueous solutions of which at about 25 C. exhibit a pH less than seven.

Generally, the organic aquasalts include the alkaline earth metal salts of a variety of classes of compounds such as, for example, phenolic compounds, enolizable organic compounds, lower molecular weight aromatic carboxylic acids, lower molecular weight organic thiophosphoric acids, the lower molecular weight sulphonic acids, hydroxy aromatic compounds, lower molecular weight hydroxy aromatic acids, etc. To better illustrate the wide variety of classes of compounds which can be employed in forming the metal complexes in accordance with the present invention, specific examples are enumerated below. It is to be understood that while only the ionizable organic compounds are illustrated, it is intended that the alkaline earth metal salts thereof or the aquasalts are included as specific examples. More particularly, the calcium, barium, and strontium salts of such illustrated ionizable organic compounds are intended.

The term phenolic compound as used in this specification and the appended claims is intended to include all organic compounds having at least one hydroxyl group attached directly to a benzenoid carbon atom which may be part of a single or fused ring, and which compound may or may not have other substituents on the benzenoid nucleus. Itshould likewise be understood that a phenol is a sub-class of a phenolic compound, in which there is only a hydroxyl group on the benzene ring or in addition to the hydroxyl group, there is also 7 present in the molecule a single hydrocarbon group or a plurality thereof. Those phenolic compounds containing not more than 30 carbon atoms in the molecule are preferred.

Throughouttthis specification and in the claims, whenever we use the term enolizable organic compounds we means those salt-forming compounds which in the saltnitrogen atom or a non-benzenoid carbon atom, such acid-forming element being bonded to an adjacent carbon atom, said salt-forming compounds being capable of existing in a tautomeric form wherein the hydroxyl radical referred to above may revert to a doubly bonded oxygen atom, i. e., wherein the oxygen atom of said hydroxyl radical may be bonded either as wherein X is nitrogen or a non-benzenoid carbon.

The ionizable organic compounds found useful for preparation of organic aquasalts are phenol; alkylated phenols such as, for example, cresols, xylenols, p-ethyl phenol, di-ethyl phenols, n-propyl-phenois, di-isopropylphenols, p-t-butyl-phenol, pt-amyl-phenyl, p-cyclopentyl-phenol, p-(4-methyl-cyclohexyl)-phenol, sechexyl-phenol, n-heptyl-phenol, diisobutyl-phenols, 3,5,5- tri-methyl-n-hexyl-phenol, and other low molecular weight phenols whose alkaline earth metal salts are oilinsoluble; aryl substituted phenols, e. g. phenyl phenol, diphenyl phenol, etc.; poly-hydroxy aromatic compounds such as alizarin, quinizarin or polyhydroxy-benzenes, e. g., hydroquinone, catechol, pyrogallol, etc.; mono-hydroxy naphthalenes, e. g., alpha-naphthol, betanaphthol, etc.; polyhydroxy naphthalenes, e. g. naphthohydroquinone, naphthoresorcinol, etc.; the alkylated polyhydroxyaromatic compounds such as octylcatechols, triisobutylpyrogallols, etc.; substituted phenols such as p-nitro-phenol, picric acid, o-chlorophenol, t-butylchlorophenols, p-nitro-o-chlorophenol, p-amino-phenol, etc.; lower molecular weight hydroxy aromatic carboxylic acids such as salicylic acid, chloro-salicylic acids, diisopropyl-salicylic acids, gallic acid, 4-hydroxyl-l-naphthoic acid, etc.; lower molecular weight aromatic sulphonic acids such as p-cresol sulphonic acids, p-t-butylphenol sulphonic acids, beta-naphthol alpha-sulphonic acid, etc.; lower molecular weight aromatic carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid, p-nitro-benzoic acid, o-chlorobenzoic acid, p-toluic acid, p-t-butyl-benzoic acid, alphanaphthoic acid, etc.; lower molecular weight aromatic sulphonic acids such as benzene sulphonic acid, p-chlorobenzene sulphonic acid, p-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid, p-tolyl sulphonic acid, p-t-butyl-benzene sulphonic acid, t-amyl-naphthalene sulphonic acids, etc.; lower molecular weight aliphatic sulphonic acids such as ethyl sulphonic acid, beta-chloro-ethyl sulphonic acid, gammanitro-propyl sulphonic acid, octyl sulphonic acids, chlorodiisobutyi sulphonic acids, diisobutenyl sulphonic acids, etc.; nitro-parafiins such as l-nitro propane, 2-nitro-nbutane, 1-nitro-l-( p-diisobutyl-phenoxy) propane, etc.; and other enoiizable compounds such as, for example, oximes, e. g., isophorone oxime, benzal acetone oxime; imines, e. g., 4-keto-2-pentylidene irnine; amides. e. g., N- utyl-benzamide, o-chloro-benzamide, acetamide, acetanilide, keto-esters, e. g., ethyl acetoacetate, phenyl acetoacetate; poly-ketones, e. g., acetyl acetone, benzoyl acetone; poly-esters, e. g., diethyl malonate, di-benzyl malonate; imides, etc.; lower molecular weight acids of phosphorus including aliphatic dithiophosphoric acids, e. g., di-isopropyl dithiophosphoric acid, di-n-butyl dithiophosphoric acids, etc., aromatic dithiophosphoric acids, e. g., di-(phenyl) dithiophosphoric acids, etc., the aliphatic mono thiophosphoric acids, e. g., di-ethyl monothiophosphoric acids, etc., the aromatic mono-thiophosphoric acids, e. g., di-tolyl monothiophosphoric acids, di-(isopropyhphenyl) monothiophosphoric acids; the aliphatic phosphoric acids, e. g., di-ethyl phosphoric acid and di-n-butyi phosphoric acid; the aromatic phosphoric acids, e. g., di -phenyl phosphoric acid and di-p-tolyl phosphoric acid; the organic acids of phosphorus containing at least one carbon to phosphorus bond, e. g., di-propyl phosphinic acid, di-ethyl dithiophosphinic acid, n-butyl phosphonic acid, phenylphosphonic acid, diphenyl dithiophosphinic acid, etc.; the aliphatic phosphorous acids, e. g., mono-n-butyl phosphite, mono-ethyl trithiophosphite, di-ethyl monothiophosphite, etc.; the aromatic phosphorous acids, e. g. mono-phenyl phosphite, di-p-tolyl trithiophosphite, etc.

Additional examples of compounds which can be employed as promoters are given in the following U. S. patents: 2,174,110; 2,174,111; 2,174,492; 2,174,505; 2,174,506; 2,174,507; 2,174,508; 2,174,509; 2,202,791, 2,228,598, 2,265,163; 2,276,097; 2,319,121; 2,321,022; 2,333,788; 2,335,259 and 2,337,552.

However, it is to be understood that the above enumerated ionizable organic compounds and the alkaline earth metal salts thereof or aquasalts are not all equivalent as promoters, but that under certain conditions some are more eifective than others.

The initial inorganic aquasalt used in the process The salt-forming compounds which are employed to impart to the process mass and complex the specified amount of metal may be broadly defined as inorganic alkaline earth metal compounds wherein anionic radicals may be, for example, hydroxyl, oxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphide, hydrosulphide, halide, hydride, amide, basic carbonate, etc. Of the inorganic alkaline earth metal compounds, good results are obtained with those having a Water solubility of at least about 0.0003% at 50 C., and preferably at least about 0.006%. Still more preferred are those inorganic alkaline earth metal compounds, saturated aqueous solutions of which give an alkaline reaction or pH value greater than 7.

To further illustrate the large number and variety of classes of inorganic compounds which can be employed, specific examples thereof are enumerated below.

The alkaline earth metal inorganic compounds include the barium containing compounds such as barium hydroxide, barium oxide, barium sulfide, barium carbonate, barium bi-carbonate, barium hydride, barium amide, barium chloride, barium bromide, barium nitrate, barium sulfate, barium borate, etc.; the calcium containing compounds such as calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium sulfide, calcium carbonate, calcium bicarbonate, calcium hydride, calcium amide, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, calcium nitrate, calcium borate, etc.; the strontium-containing compounds such as strontium hydroxide, strontium oxide, strontium sulfide, strontium carbonate, strontium bicarbonate, strontium amide, strontium nitrate, strontium hydride, strontium nitrite, etc. The corresponding basic salts of the above described compounds are also intended, however, it should be understood that the inorganic alkaline earth metal compounds are not equivalent for the purposes of the present invention, because under certain conditions some are more effective or desirable than others.

Acidic treatment useful for modifying the metal complex The acidic treatment of this invention may be used to modify the chemical composition of this initial inorganic aquasalt in the metal complex. For example, if the initial inorganic aquasalt is an alkaline earth metal hydroxide, treatment of the initial metal complex with a typical acidic reagent, CO2, will convert the hydroxide to the carbonate. Thus, the following equations illustrate this reaction:

A second function of the acidic treatment is to modify the ratio x/y, the ratio of inorganic aquasalt (Al) to organic aquasalt (A0) in the complex. In changing this ratio, the character of the inorganic aquasalt present may also be changed as illustrated in the above equation. To illustrate this particular aspect the following equation is presented: (H-l) QMz(AO)b(AI)c+tl(CO2)- It will be noted that in Formula 11-1 i=2 y b in Formula II-2 :t c+a b a and therefore, x/y is greater in Formula 11-2.

The particular effect of the acidic treatment depends on the relation of the ionization constant of said acidic reagent with respect to the ionization constants of the acids of (A) and (AI). When the ionization constant of the acidic reagent is greater than the ionization constant of the acid of (Al), but less than the ionization constant of the acid of (A0); the reaction takes place according to Equation I above. For example, the conditions set forth in the Equation I above would prevail in the following specific reaction:

The metal complexes produced in accordance with the equations given under (H) above have been found to be particularly useful in the preparation of permanently oil-soluble products. In order to give a better understanding of the complicated reactions which may occur therein, the following discussion is presented.

As previously indicated, one form of the process of the present invention includes the step of treating the immediate complex product with an acidic material for the purpose of liberating from the complex at least a portion of the anion of the material previously referred to as the promoter. A particularly effective acidic material which has been utilized for this purpose is carbon dioxide. We are aware of the fact that the prior art suggested transforming a sodium hydroxide-calcium sulphonate complex into the sodium carbonate-calcium sulphonate complex or the corresponding bicarbonate complex by blowing the hydroxide complex with carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures. 7

In our process, the step of treating with an acidic material such as carbon dioxide or air has the elfect of freeing from the immediate complex product formed at least a portion of the anion of the promoter used. The nature of the product formed by regenerating from the immediate end product a portion of the anion of the promoter material leaves that complex with a composition which is quite different from the other prior art metal organic complexes previously produced. It is recognized that in accordance with the present invention, the alkaline earth metal salt of the ionizable organic compound can be employed as the promoter in forming the salt complex. However, when such a salt is used as the promoter and the resulting complex is treated with an acidic material, a portion of the anion of the organic compound is freed from its salt. The acid treating step referred to in this paragraph is represented by Formula II above.

For the purpose of releasing from the complex a portion of the anion of the ionizable organic compound used as a promoter, an important feature or characteristic of the acidic material is that it must, when present in the mass containing the complex, possess an ionization constant higher than the ionizable organic compound used as the promoter or used in forming the organic aquasalt.

The acidic material usually employed is a liquid or a gas. The liquids can include the strong or weak acids, such as, for example, hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, carbonic acids, 'etc., whereas the gas is for the most part an anhydride of an acid or an acid anhydride gas.

The following are additional specific examples of acidic materials, viz.: HCl, S02, S03, C02, air (considered acidic because of CO2 content), N02, H25, N203, PCla, SOClz, C102, HzSe, BFs, CS2, COS, etc.

Preferably the inorganic aquasalt is selected from the class consisting of the alkaline earth metal derivatives of carbonic acid, water sulfurous acid, dithiocarbonic acid, and sulfuric acid.

It is to be understood, however, that all acidic materials are not equivalent for the purposes of the present invention, but that under certain conditions, some are more effective or desirable than others.

The complex of the present invention can be produced by using the same alkaline earth metal in the oilsalt promoter and inorganic compound; or such complexes can be derived from components containing dissimilar alkaline earth metals. In some instances it is desirable to employ a mixture of oilsalts which contain at least two or three dissimilar alkaline earth metals; or the same distribution of metals can be obtained by varying the type of promoter and/or inorganic compound in various combinations with the oilsalt. It is therefore possible to employ various combinations of dissimilar alkaline earth metals in the starting materials used in preparing the complex product.

From the numerous examples given above as specific embodiments of the various processes and complexes. of our invention it will be observed that four principal processes have been illustrated by which the several complexes may be produced.

The first of such processes, as represented by Examples Nos. 1, 3-10, 12, 14-22, 34-37, 41-43, 45, 46, 49, 52,

.53, and 56 comprises the reaction of an oilsalt and compounds which form the aquasalts.

The second method, as represented by Examples Nos. 47, 48, 50, 51 and 54, utilizes the additional step of reacting the filtered end product of the first process, with an acidic material. The acidic material may have the effect, as stated above, of replacing part of the anion of the organic aquasalt from the complex without any substantial change in the metal ratio of the complex. The liberation of such anion by this step of acid treatment may be followed by a recovery, as by distillation, of the organic salt forming compound corresponding to the anion of the organic aquasalt.

In the third method, represented by Examples Nos. 11, 13, 23-33, 38-40, 44, 57 and 58, the complex formed by the first named process is treated with an acidic material prior to filtration, i. e. in the presence of uncombined inorganic metal compound present in the process mass. When following the procedure of this third method, at least some of the organic aquasalt remains unconverted in the complex. Any or all of the anion of the organic aquasalt which may be liberated by this acid treatment may be removed, as by distillation, as the corresponding organic salt forming compound, or it may be permitted to remain in the product. This acid treating step forms at least some of the inorganic aquasalt present in the complex which forms the end product.

The fourth method, represented by Examples Nos. 26-29, 31, 33 and 56, comprises reacting a complex of an oilsalt; an organic aquasalt of a relatively strong organic salt forming compound and an inorganic aquasalt of a relatively weak salt forming compound with an 31 acidic material of such strength that it will react with a salt forming compound from which the inorganic aquasalt was formed whereby the latter is modified by the acid treating step whereas the relatively stronger organic aquasalt remains unaffected.

Process conditions When carrying out the first of the four different processes outlined above, the salt complex is prepared by combining the reactants in the presence of water. The water can be present as a result of addition thereof to the mixture, or liberated from either the essential components or other additionally present compounds as a result of being subjected to heat. However, it is preferred to add water to the mixture to effect salt complex formation. It has been found that the metal complex can be prepared when using small quantities of water such as about 1 mole of water per mole of inorganic metal compound. However, more usually about 5 to 50, and preferably about to 30, moles of water per mole of inorganic metal compound are used.

Generally the complex formed with the inorganic alkaline earth metal compound, the oil-soluble organic acid or the alkaline earth metal salt thereof, and the promoter is prepared by heating the components in the presence of water at a superatmospheric temperature while insuring thorough mixing and then still further heating said mixture to substantially remove all of the water. At least five variations of the previously outlined four processes are available by which the complex can be formed, namely:

(a) The promoter is added to the oilsalt, followed by addition of an aqueous solution or suspension of the initial inorganic aquasalt; the mixture is held at a superatmospheric temperature for a reasonable length of time While effecting thorough mixing, and then the total mixture is further heated to remove substantially all water which might be present;

(b) The initial inorganic aquasalt in a dry state is added to a mixture of oilsalt or the corresponding acid thereof, promoter and water heating while insuring thorough mixing, and then further heating to remove substantially all of the water;

(0) The acid of the desired oilsalt is mixed with the promoter, then an aqueous solution or suspension of the inorganic alkaline earth metal compound is added thereto, the mixture is heated and agitated at a superatmospheric temperature for a time sufficient to insure thorough mixing, and followed by subjecting the total mixture to dehydration conditions in order to remove substantially all of the water;

(d) in any of the methods discussed herein for preparing the metal complex, a substantial increase in metal content is usually effected by treating the mass containing the complex product with an acidic material just after substantial amounts of water are driven off and just before the mass is filtered.

(e) The sediment formed from any of the aforementioned methods can be employed either alone or with additional promoter in any of the methods given above.

The conditions to be observed in carrying out the remainder of the four processes, above identified, will be self-evident from the processes themselves and the specific examples which have been indicated representative of such processes.

in all of the methods described above for preparing the metal complex, the step of removing substantially all of the Water which is present is accomplished at a temperature not substantially in excess of 350 C., preferably about 110 to 200 C. The technique employed to remove the water includes, for example a conventional flash stripping operation which involves passing the material in a thin film state over a large heated area of glass, ceramic, or metal; heating under subatmospheric pressure as well as heating under either atmospheric or superatmospheric pressure. At a later stage, the acidic material when used in gaseous form, may be used to remove the last portion of water. It can therefore be seen that the temperature as well as the time for effecting substantial removal of water will vary considerably depending on the amount of material being processed and on the technique employed therefor. Generally, the time required to effect substantial removal of water is at least about 15 minutes or less and can be as high as 10-15 hours or more. Usually, however, it is most convenient to employ atmospheric pressure for such an operation, and consequently it requires about 1 to 5 hours to remove substantially all of the water from the process mixture. It was observed that satisfactory metal complexes are obtained when using any of the techniques described above, and that the final water content can be up to about 2% or more.

Usually, as indicated above, the components are combined and agitated at an elevated temperature to insure thorough mixing and then water is removed therefrom. It should be understood that the process to form the metal complex can be effected without the preliminary heating and mixing period, if desired. It is therefore not essential to this invention to have such a preliminary step because all that appears necessary is to mix the components and remove substantially any Water which is present.

Relationships between the various amounts of the several components in the complex For the purposes of this specification and the appended claims, the relative amounts of starting material (oil soluble organic acid or the alkaline earth metal salt thereof) and promoter is expressed in the ratio of equivalents of the latter to the former. in accordance therewith, the ratio of equivalents of promoter to starting material is broadly from about 0.01 to 10, more usually from about 0.02 to 5.0, and preferably from about 0.05 to 3.0.

it will be observed that the complexes of this invention comprise in chemical combination the following:

Q.Mz.(AO)y.(AI):c

Oilsalt-organic aquasalt-inorganic aquasalt with the total metal (M) present attaches to the anions of each of such salts.

On this basis, y should be from .01 to 10 and more desirably from .02 to 5.0 and preferably from .05 to 3.0.

x is always greater than y. When y is less than 1, then x should be at least 1.5y. When x is one or more, then x should be equal to at least y+.5. In most instances, x/y should be equal to 1.5 and preferably at least 4.0. As indicated above, metal (same or different) will be combined in each of the three salts. The ratio of the total metal present to the metal present in the oilsalt is referred to for convenience as the metal ratio. All of the complexes of this invention are characterized by a metal ratio greater than 1 with best results secured when such metal ratio is above 4.

When a complex is formed which has ratios of the type referred to above which lie outside of the values given, such complexes will be found undesirable for various reasons. In most cases, complexes which have ratios falling outside of the values given will be oil insoluble or unusable for the purposes. Experimental data which establishes as critical the values from the several ratios given above is demonstrated by the following examples:

EXAMPLE 63 A mixture of 343 grams of petroleum sulfonic acid and 50 grams of mineral oil was heated to C. then treated with a mixture of 64grams of barium hydroxide, 94 grams of Water and 21.4 grams of acetic acid (ratio of equivalents of inorganic aquasalt to organic aquasalt,

0.03). One thousand grams of mineral oil was added and the mixture was heated at 95-120 C. for two hours, then dried at 150 C. The reaction mixture was cooled to 95, 16 grams of water was added, and the mixture was dried again at 150 C. The product was oil-insoluble and grease-like in consistency.

EXAMPLE 64 A mixture of 343 grams of petroleum sulfonic acid and 50 grams of mineral oil was heated to 85 C. then treated with a mixture of93 grams of water, 64 grams of barium hydroxide and 10.7 grams of acetic acid (ratio of equivalents of inorganic aquasalt to organic aquasalts, 1.04) and heated to 105 C. Five hundred grams of mineral oil was added and the mixture was dried at 140 C. while being treated with a stream of carbon dioxide until the mixture was substantially neutral. The mixture was cooled to 95 C., 16 grams of water was added and this mixture was dried again at 150 C. The, product was oil-insoluble and grease-like in consistency.

EXAMPLE 65 A mixture of 1530 grams of a 30% oil solution of barium petroleum sulfonate having a 7.6% sulfate ash, 35.3 grams of acetic acid, 270 grams of barium oxide suiiicient to make the ratio of equivalents of inorganic aquasalt to organic aquasaltequal to at least 3.5 in the end product and 220 grams of water was heated at 100-105 C. for one hour, then at 150 C. for one hour. A stream of carbon dioxide was blown through the mixture at 150 C. for 45 minutes, at which point the mixture was substantially neutral. The product mixture was filtered, yielding oil-soluble, viscous liquid, possessing the following properties:

Basic No Per cent sulfate ash 24.25 Metal ratio 3.96

Empirical formula, QM3.9s(AO)o.59(Al)2.37

As indicated in the section entitled Acidic treatment useful for modifying the metal complex, treatment of the salt complex with an acidic material is done in instances where it is desired to change the character of the total aquasalt present in the complex and/or alter the ratio of inorganic aquasalt to organic aquasalt. This treatment is effected at a temperature of from about 25 to 250 C., preferably from about 50 to 170 C. and usually employing from about 0.5 to 20% of acidic material, based on the weight of metal complex. The time of treatment with the acidic material can vary considerably depending on the desired result. As would be expected, short periods of treatment may cause only partial liberation or release of ionizable organic compound or small decreases in the basic number of the metal complex. However, in general, periods of treatment will range from about 0.25 to 30 hours or more. In most cases, and particularly where it is desired to recover the promoter, the amount of acidic material used should be at least equivalent to the amount of metal present as the salt of the ionizable form of promoter. It is to be understood, of course, that the liberation of the promoter from its salt can only take place when the acidic reagent has a higher ionization constant in the process mass than the salt-forming compound of the organic aquasalt.

To substantially increase the metal content of the salt complex, it may be desirable to treat the total mass with an acidic material just prior to filtering same. This treatment may conveniently be effected at a temperature of from about to 250 C. preferably from about 50 to 170 C., using from about 0.5 to 20% of acidic material, based on the total mass, and for a period of from about 0.25 to hours. The acidic material employed is preferably an acid anhydride gas, as defined hereinabove. Treatment with the acid anhydride gas may be accelerated by superatmospheric pressure.

As indicated above, in order to tacilitate an under standing of the amount of metal which can be present in the salt complex, the metal ratio" is defined as the ratio of the total metal in the salt complex to the amount of metal which is in the form of a normal salt of the oil-soluble organic acid. In accordance therewith, the salt complex as of this invention will have metal ratios greater than 1 and up to 9 or more, preferably from about 2 to 8. As for the finished salt complex which is treated after filtration with an acidic material, the metal content is substantially the same as in the complex prior to treating. Consequently, the same metal ratios as given above will apply to such treated product.

By reason of the high metal ratio of the complexes produced in accordance with this invention, the following electronic theory is suggested as a possible explanation of how the metal is held within the metal complex. his to be understood, however, that such theory is advanced for the purpose of oitering explanations, and is not to be construed as a limitation on the scope of the present invention,

1n the following equations, AO represents one hydrogen equivalent-of the anion of an organic aquasalt and M represents analkaline earth metal.

For example, in the case of the neutral sulphonate, the charges are distributed as follows: a

The electron octets around the two oxygen atoms which are not attached to a metal atom give to each of these atoms a unit negative charge, thus leaving the sulphur atom with a double positive charge.

When the sulphonate, excess inorganic metal compound, promoter, and water are reacted according to the present invention, a basic salt (AO)-MOH is" presumed to be formed. This normally oil-insoluble salt dissolves in the reaction mixture because of the electronic attracting force known as a hydrogen bonding.

Initially the following reactions may occur:

Any one of the above structures may be influenced by the presence of excess M(OH)3 in such a manner that the bond between (A0) and M is broken, thereby-releasing (A0) to serve again in promoting the incorporation of more M in the complex. Thus, the preparation 01E the organic metal complex having the empirical formula 35 QM(AO)1(AI)3 can be explained by the following series of equations:

o R(++)-OM HO-M-(AO) O- HO-M-(AO) and in the last theoretical structure shown:

Q=RSOs--; M=metal; (AO)=one hydrogen equivalent of the anion of at least one organic aquasalt, for example, CsHsO-;

(AI) =one hydrogen equivalent of the anion of at least one inorganic aquasalt, for example, -OH, O-, etc.;

It will be readily appreciated that z, y, and x may often be non-integral values in the actual practice of the invention, since the finished metal complex material may and, in fact, usually does comprise a mixture of two or more of the above structures.

Having thus described the present invention by furnishing specific examples thereof, it is to be understood that no undue limitations or restrictions are to be imposed by reason thereof, but that the scope of this invention is defined by the appended claims.

The salt complexes produced in accordance with the present invention can be employed in lubricants including oils and greases, and for such purposes as in crankcases, transmissions, gears, etc. as Well as in torque converter oils. Other suitable uses for such complexes are in asphalt emulsions, insecticidal compositions, fire-proofing and stabilizing agents in plasticizers and plastics, paint driers, rust inhibiting compositions, pesticides, foaming compositions, cutting oils, metal-drawing compositions, flushing oils, textile treatment compositions. tanning assistants, metal cleaning compositions, emulsifying agents, antiseptic cleansing compositions, penetrating agents, gum solvent compositions, fat splitting agents, bonding agent for ceramics and asbestos, asphalt improving agents, flotation agents, improving agents for hydrocarbon fuels such as e. g., gasolene and fuel oil, etc.

More particularly, the complexes of this invention are Broad Usual Preferred Range Range Range Percent Percent Percent Lubricant 0 01-20 02-15 0 5-10 Stabilizin Agent for Plastics 0 05-5 0. 1-3 0. 22 Paint Drier 0. 2-25 0. 5-20 1. 0-15 Lubricant containing organic metal complexes While the metal complexes of the present invention are useful per se as improving agents for lubricating greases and oils, especially mineral lubricating oils intended for use in the crankcases of internal combustion engines, they are most advantageously employed in combination with one or more additional improving agents of the prior art such as, for example, the numerous prior art oxidation inhibitors, detergents, extreme pressure agents, rust inhibitors, and oiliness agents.

In addition to the above-named types of cooperating improving agents, the present invention also contemplates the inclusion, in the finished lubricant, of materials intended to modify the physical characteristics of the mineral lubricating oil base. Examples of such materials are foam inhibitors, pour point depressants, viscosity index improving agents, and odor improving agents. Since the types of materials useful as physical property improving agents are well known to those versed in the lubricant art, it is deemed unnecessary to lengthen the specification unduly by a recitation of the same.

Particularly effective lubricating oils for the crankcases of internal combustion engines can be made by incorporating, in suitable mineral lubricating oils, thiophosphate salt-esters and/or phosphorus sulfide treated unsaturated organic materials along with the metal complexes of the present invention. From the viewpoint of cost, eifectiveness, and commercial utility, the most desirable thiophosphate salt-esters for use as oxidation and corrosion inhibitors along with materials of the present invention in lubricating oils are dithiophosphate salt-esters of the general formula wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different organic radicals and M is one equivalent of a metal. especially a metal selected from Group II of the Mendeleef Periodic Table and most desirably either zinc or barium. n this connecti n reference may be made to the dithiophosphate salt-esters disclosed in U. S. Patents 2,261,047; 2,329,436; 2,344,392; 2,344,393; 2,344,394; 2,344,395; 2,342.572; 2,347,592; 2,361,746; 2,358,305; 2,364,283; 2,364.284; 2,365,938; 2,382,775; 2,386,207; 2,373,811; 2,410,650; 2,417,562; and 2,438,876.

Particularly useful in this respect are dithiophosphate salt-esters wherein R1 and R2 of the above formula are ditierent organic radicals, which materials are the subject of pending applications Serial No. 250,959, filed October 10, 1951, now abandoned, and Serial No. 251,139, filed October 11, 1951, by Fred. C. Goldsmith, and which applications have an assignee common to the instant application.

Where such salt ester materials, viz. those which contain dissimilar organic radicals, are used it is necessary only that the average number of carbon atoms per atom of phosphorus in the salt ester material be 7.6 or more. Thus it is not only possible, but entirely feasible to utilize such inexpensive alcohols as ethyl, propyl and butyl alcohols in the preparation of these dithiophosphate salt ester materials. The use of dithiophosphate salt ester materials in which R1 and R2 of the above general formula are the same requires the utilization of organic radicals containing a minimum of six carbon atoms. Oilsolubility considerations govern the above minimum carbon atom contents.

Phosphorus sulfide treated unsaturated organic ma terials useful in conjunction with the metal complexes of the present invention include, for example, phosphorus sulfide treated acyclic and cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons and phosphorus sulfide treated unsaturated esters, acids and ketones. Particularly valuable products may be obtained by reacting from 2 to 6 moles of at least one terpene hydrocarbon with at least one mole of phosphorus sulfide, especially PzSs. Particularly good results are secured bythe employment of the products obtained by reacting, about 3 to 5 moles of pinene and/or turpentine with one mole of P255 for about 1 to 6 hours, preferably about 4 hours, at about 100 C. to 160 C., preferably about 140 C. Such phosphorus sulfide treated materials may be further treated with reagents such as water, alcohols, phenols, or metallic bases to yield end products having enhanced lubricant improving properties for certain applications. All of the aforesaid phosphorus sulfide reaction products are well known in the lubricant improving agent field and have found application primarily as addition agents to reduce the corrosive action of lubricating compositions toward sensitive bearing metal alloys. Additional information on the preparation and utility of these materials may be had by reference to U. S. Patents 2,278,719; 2,315,529; 2,316,078; 2,316,079; 2,316,- 080; 2,316,084; 2,316,088; 2,316,089; 2,331,923; 2,356,- 073; 2,356,074; 2,367,468; 2,375,315; 2,377,955; 2,379,- 312; 2,379,313; 2,383,494; 2,383,495; 2,383,498; 2,392,- 252; 2,392,253; 2,406,575; 2,409,877; 2,409,878; 2,416,- 281; and 2,421,631.

In addition to thiophosphate salt-esters and phosphorus sulfide treated unsaturated organic materials, which products have been found to be of particular utility for use in conjunction with the metal complexes of the present invention in lubricants, it is also contemplated to use various other prior art improving agents belonging to the classes of materials known to be useful as detergents, corrosion inhibitors, oxidation inhibitors, and oiliness agents.

Many examples of prior art materials belonging to the classes of detergents, corrosion inhibitors, and oxidation inhibitors which may be used advantageously in combination with the metal complexes of this invention in lubricants may be found in articles by V. A. Kalichevsky (Petroleum Refiner, volume 28, No. 9, pages 88 to 93 inclusive, September 1949) and J. Harold Byers (National Petroleum News, February 10, 1937, pages 67 to 70 inclusive). In the interest of not lengthening the present specification unduly, it is intended that the improving agents therein disclosed be considered as forming a part of our disclosure.

The metal complexes of the present invention can also be used advantageously in combination with extreme pressure agents and optionally oiliness agents and rust inhibitors, for the preparation of compositions useful as lubricants in metal-working and wire-drawing operations and in the gears of automotive vehicles, industrial speed reducers, oil well drilling equipment, and the like, where relatively moving metal surfaces are subjected to high unit pressures which would normally tend to weld or score said metal surfaces.

The following table lists many types and specific examples of materials which have been found to be useful as extreme pressure agents. These materials either singly or in combination, may be used along with the metal complexes of the present invention and suitable lubricating oil bases for the preparation of improved extreme pressure lubricants.

ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS Thio derivatives of organic oxygen compounds I. Classified according to nature of attachment of sulfur atom to the molecu A. Sulfur atom directly attached to one or more carbon atoms, as in the case of compounds containing the SR radicle-whei-e R is hydrogen or an organic radicle:

1. Thio-esters and analogous compounds, e, g.,

(a) Alkyl sulfides Dibutyl sulfide Dianiyl sulfide Dilauryl sulfide Methyl lauryl sulfide Dicyclohexyl sulfide Aryl sulfides Naphthyl amyl sulfide Phenyl ethyl sulfide (c) Thio-acetals (mercaptals)-- 'lh'io-acetal Acetone mercaptal Phenyl benzyl thlo-acetal Di-amyl thio-acetal Dimethyl benzene aldehyde thio-acetal Dibenzyl aldehyde thio-acetal (e) Aromatic substituted aliphatic sulfides- Benzyl sulfide Zylyl sulfide 2. Compounds containing the C-SH radlcle, e. 3.,

(oz Thio-alcohols and thiophenols (mercap- 'ans)- Alkyl mercaptans, such as he amyl mercaptans The heptyl mertaptans The octyl mercaptansn-Octyl mercaptan Capryl mercaptan 2-ethyl hexyl mercaptau Lauryl mei'captan Cetyl inercaptan Methyl cyclohexyl mercaptan Cyclohexyl mercaptan Amyl cyclohexyl mercaptan Cycloliexyl methyl mercaptan Aryl mercaptans, such as:

henyl mei'captan Diethyl phenyl mercaptari The naphthyl mercaptans -Methy1 naphthyl mercaptan .Capryl naphthyl mercaptiin Wax naphthyl mercaptan Aromatic substituted aliphatic mercaptans,

such as:

Benzyl mercaptan Phenyl ethyl mercaptan Ethyl phenyl ethyl mercaptan Diphenyl methyl uiercaptan Triphenyl methyl mercaptau (b) Dithio-alcohols and dithio-phenols (dimercaptans)- Dimercanto butane Amyl dimercapto naphthalene (e) Mercapto acids -Mercapto stearic acid 3. Compounds containing the 0:8 radlcle, e. g.,

(a) Thio-aldehydes, e. g.-

Thio-st araldehyde Thio-lauraldehyde Thio-benzaldehyde Thio-ethyl benzaldehyde Thio salicylaldehyde Thio-capryl salicylaldehyde Thio-furfuraldehyde Th1o-tetrahydrofurturaldehyde (b) Thio ketones,'e. g.-v

Di-amyl thio-ketone Di-lauryl thio-ketoue Thiobenzophenone 1 'lhloacetophenone (c) Thio-organic acids, and esters and salts of them; such as- Thio-fatty acids, e. g.

Thio-stearic (thiolic and thionic) Thlo-oleic (thiolic and thionic) Dithio-stearic Ditliio-oleic Thio ricinoleic (thiolic-and thionlc) Thio-aromatic acids, e. g.

Thio-bcnzoic acid Thio-salicylic acids Thio-phthalic acids Dithio phthalic acids Esters of the above acids, e'. g.

Amyl thio-acetate Lani-y! thio-acetate Ethyl ditliio-beuzoate Methyl thio-stearate Aniyl-thio-heiizoate Lauryl thio-benzoate Lauryl thio-salicylate Dicapryl thio-phthalate Dilauryl tliio-phthalate Ethyl mercapto-stearate Salts of the above acids, e. g.:

Sodium d-lthio-benzoate Sodium ditnio-pronionate Calcium thio-stearate Esters and salts of thio-carbonic acids, e. g.

Diethyl dithiocarbonate Diphenyl thiocarbonate Diphenyl tri-thiocarbonate Dianiyl tri-thiocarbonate nOctyI zanthate 2-etl1yl hexyl zanthate Capryl zanthate Lauryl zanthate Ethyl phenyl zanthate Benzyl zanthate Stearyl zanthate Sodium zanthate Potassium zauthate Calcium zanthate Organic thio-cyanates and iso-tlnocyanates,

such as:

Benzyl thiocyanate Benzyl isothiocyanate Butyl thiocyanate Butyl isothiocyanate Lauryl thiocyanate Lauryl isothiocyanate Thio-amides, thio-anilides, and thio-ureas,

Thio-acetanilide Thio-acetamide Thio-stearanilide Th o-benzanilide Thio-carbanilide Thio-urethane Phenyl thio-urethanc Thio-urea Di-amyl thio urea Amyl diphenyl th ocarbamate (e) Compounds in which the :8 group is included in a ring structure, e. g.-

Thio-quinone Thio-naphthaquinones Thio-anthraqninonc Thio-phthalic anhydride Thio-dinhenic anhydride Diphenylene thioketone (thio-fiuorenone) Thio-cznnphor (f) Carbon hisufide 4. Compounds in wh ch the -S- radicle forms a part of an organic ring structure, e. g.,

Thio-phene ahohols Thiophene carboxylic acids, and esters and salts of them,

Lnuryl thenoate Phenyl thcnoate Benzyl theuoate Tlunnhene sulfonlc acids, and esters and salts of them Methyl thiophenes Dinictuyl thiophene (thioxene) Thianth -ene (diphenylene disulfides) and related compounds, such as homologues thereof Diphenylene sulfide Thiazole and derivatives, e. g.-

Bcnzothiazole Phenyl benzothiazole Mercapto bcnzothiazole Thiazine derivatives. e. g.-

Methyl bcnzothiazine (B o-phen) 5. Su fur atom attached in the form of an inorganic rudicle, cl 2..

Thio-arsenite Thiohosphite Tri-thio-lnuryl phosphite Fido-phosphate Thi -snl onic acid. and esters and salts 'Thio-sulfiuic ac d. and esters and salts B. Sulfu attached to molecule through means of some other atom. i. 6., in the form of an inorganic radicle, e. g.:

'Tliio-arsenate Thi o-phosphate Thin-sulfa te 'lhin-su fi e Thin-snlfonate Sulfa te Sulfrmes Sulfnxides Sulfonic acids, and esters and salts of them Sul inic acids, and esters and salts of them Sulfenic acids, and esters and salts of them B. Polysulfides, containing the Sn radicle, notably l. Alkyl polysulfides, e. g,,

Dibutyl disulfide Dihutyl trisnlfide Dibutyl tetrasulfide Diamyl disulfide Dinmyl trisulfide Dilauryl disulfide Dilauryl trisultide Cyclohexyl disulfide 2. Aryl polysulfides, e. g.,

Diphenyl disulfide Diphenyl trisulfide ChlOr diphenyl trisulfide Dinaphthyl disulfide 3. Aromatic substituted aliphatic polysulfides, e. g., 5 Dibenzyl disulfide Chlor dibenzyl disulfide Xylyl disulfide Chlor xylyl disulfide Dibenzyl trisultide Dibenzyl tetrasulfide 4. Mixed alkylnryl polysulfides, e. g.,

Amyi benzyl disulfide Amyl benzyl trisulfide 5. Higher polysulfides, e. g. those formed from the above (or from sulfides) by the addition of an -S group or groups.

ORGANIC HALO GEN COMPOUNDS Specific examples of oil-soluble organic phosphorus acids which may be used in the practice of this invention include the following:

ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS Dithiophosphoric acids Diamyl (lithiophosphoi'ic acid D hexyl dithiophosphoric acid Diheptyl dithiophosphoric acid Dioctyl (lithiophosphoric acid Dinonyl dithiophosphoric acid D decyl dithiophosphnric acid Didodecyl dithiophoshoi'ic acid Ditetradecyl dithiophosphoric acid Dihexadecyl dithiophosphoric acid Dioctadccyl dithiophosphoric acid Di-(parafiin wax) dithiophosphoric acid Dieicosyl dithiopliosphoric acid Dipentenyl dithioohosphoric acid Dior-tenyl dithiophosphoric acid Didecenyl dithio hosphoric acid Dihexadecenyl dithionhospho ic acid Di-(methyl-benzyl) dithionhospho'ic acid Di-(octylbenz vl) clithionhosphoric acid Di-(nhcnyloctadecyl) dithiophosphoi'ic acid Di(xenylhexyl) dithiophosphoric acid Di-(pheuoxyoctyl) dithionhosphoric acid Tfi (hutnxy-ethvl)dithionhosnhorc acid Bis-(3.5-dichloro-n-octyl) dithiophosyhoric acid Bis-(2,6-dibrmno-n-d cyly dithionhosphoric acid Dicyclopentyl dithionhosnhoric acd Bis-(dimethylcyclopentyl) dithiophosphoric acid Dicyclohexyl dithio hospho 'ic acid Di-(methyhcyclohexyl) dith oph sphoric acid Di-(isonrom'lcyclohcxyl) dithionhnsphoric acid Bis-(diisobutylcyclohexyl) dithio hosphoric acid Dzna hthenyl dithiophosphoric acid Di-(hvdroahietyl) dithiophosphoric acid Dicyclonentenyl dithin hosnhoric acid Di-(methylcvclchexenyl) dithiophosphoric acid Diahietyl dithionhosphoric acid Di-(teri-amyl-nhcnyl) dithionhosnhoric ncid Di-(2,4-di-t rt amyl-nhenyl) dithiophosphnric acid Di-( nrafiin wax. ,nhen l) di hi pho phoric acid D -(l uroxynhenyli dithionhosphoric acid Di-(c nrvlxeuyl) dii'hiophosphoric a d Methvl octadecvl d thionhosnhoric acid Butyl beryl dithio'nhosnhoric acid 7 Is pro yl sec-amyl dithiophosphoric acid Mono h ophosnhoric acids Dihentvl i'hioohosnhoric acid Dioctyl thionhosnhoric acid D nonyl thiophnsnhoric acid Dido' ecyl thinphosnh rlc acid Dihe adecvl thiophosphoric acid Dioctadecyl thiophosnhoric acid Di-(paraffin wax) thiophosphoric acid 

1. A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION COMPRISING A MAJOR AMOUNT OF LUBRICATING OIL AND A MINOR AMOUNT OF: (A) AN OIL-SOLUBLE, ORGANIC, ALKALINE EARTH METAL COMPLEX HAVING THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA: 